Gas Exchange
What acts as the driving force for respiration: lack of O2 or build-up of CO2?
Build-up of CO2
What are the function of valves in the heart?
To prevent backflow
What are the names of the auditory ossicles (ear bones)?
Malleus, Incus, Stapes
What is the function of B cells and T cells?
B cells - Retain memory, Secrete antibody
T cells - Destroy infected host cells, Release cytokines
What is autocrine signaling?
Signaling molecule acts on the same cell producing it
How is CO2 primarily transported?
Primarily transported in plasma as bicarbonate ion
(also freely travel in plasma or bound to hemoglobin)
What protein transports oxygen in the bloodstream in humans?
Hemoglobin
Cones and rods are photoreceptors in the eye. What do each of these receptors primarily detect?
Cones detect color; rods detect movement in dim light
List three defenses or cell-types that are a part of innate immunity.
Barriers
Pattern Recognition Receptors
Natural Killer Cells
Dendritic Cells
Phagocytes
Cytokines and Complement
What is paracrine signaling?
Signaling molecule acts on nearby cells
Hyperventilation reduces CO2 concentration. How does this affect the curve?
shifts the curve to the left
What is special about the pulmonary arteries and veins in comparison to other arteries and veins in the body?
Arteries travel away from the heart and carry oxygenated blood. Veins travel toward the heart and carry deoxygenated blood. For pulmonary arteries and veins the oxygenation is reversed
Ciliary muscle moves which structure of the eye to allow for accommodation?
Lens
What is adaptive immunity, and how does it differ from innate immunity?
Adaptive: Specific, Acquired from exposure, Highly specific for antigens, Continuously improving, Slower response, Cell-mediated immunity, Antibody-mediated/humoral immunity
Innate: Nonspecific, Born with it, Faster response, Inflammation, Phagocytosis, Physical barriers
What is classical endocrine signaling?
Signaling molecule travels through the bloodstream to a target tissue
What’s the difference between ventilation and respiration?
Ventilation- moving air over respiratory surfaces, takes place in lungs
Respiration- exchange of molecules across surfaces, takes place in alveoli within the lungs
What is the correct path traveled by blood through the heart?
right atria, tricuspid valve, right ventricle, pulmonary valve, pulmonary artery, lungs, pulmonary veins, left atria, bicuspid valve, left ventricle, aortic valve, aorta, body
Stimulus strength can be increased through:
More frequent nerve impulses
More responding receptors
What is the purpose of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC)?
Identifies cells are self
Which structure of the brain is the master gland that releases “stimulating hormones”?
Pituitary gland
Oxygen-Hemoglobin Dissociation Curves measure how much oxygen is bound to hemoglobin. When hemoglobin has a decreased affinity for oxygen, the curve shifts to the right. What factors can cause this?
Increased temperature, increased CO2, decreased pH
Name the 5 leukocytes and determine if they are granular or agranular.
Monocytes (agranular), lymphocytes (agranular), neutrophils (granular), eosinophil (granular), basophil (granular)
How does the organ of corti use hair cells to detect sound?
Sound waves bend the hair cells (via fluid movement) in the organ of corti
Bending of the hair cells stimulates neurons
Describe the difference between active and passive immunity.
Active: immunity you develop after being exposed to an infection or from getting a vaccine
Passive: immunity you acquire from someone or something else
What are the two hormones released by the posterior pituitary and the tissues that they target?
Oxytocin: targets uterus and mammary glands)
Anti-diuretic-hormone (ADH): targets kidneys