Neuroendocrine 1
Can result from a tumor of the adrenal gland or from chronic use of steroids.
Desmopressin is used to treat what symptoms?
Extreme thirst, excessive urine production, colorless urine, dry skin, constipation, muscle weakness.
To decrease blood sugar by inhibiting glucose reabsorption in the PCT, what drug would you use?
Canagliflozinm an SGLT2 inhibitor
A diabetic patient who is also taking beta-blockers would still be able to show what effects of hypoglycemia?
They would still sweat because the sweat glands are acted on by the M3 receptors.
What happens to Na+ and K+ when spironolactone is administered?
Decreased Na+ reabsorption, increased K+ reabsorption.
Why does metyrosine decrease the overall level of catecholamines?
It is a catecholamine synthesis inhibitor. Inhibits tyrosine hydroxylase which is the rate limiting step that produces dopamine to be converted to epinephrine/norepinephrine.
Oxytocin.
Exogenous insulin does not have C-peptide.
What is the drug of choice when trying to normalize fasting blood glucose?
Metformin. You will see decreased hepatic glucose production. Decreased glycogenolysis and decreased gluconeogenesis
Pulsatile GnRH causes an increased in LH/FSH and continuous GnRH inhibits LH/FSH.
A patient with a pheochromocytoma receives a new medication that results in profound orthostatic hypotension and reflex tachycardia. What drug was administered?
Phenoxybenzamine, blocks alpha adrenergic receptors.
Insulin is released after activation of which intestinal receptors.
Glucagon like peptide (GLP1) and Glucose-dependent insulintropic peptide GIP. This is why there's an insulin response to orally consumed but not one to IV administered dextrose.
A diabetic patient who is managed with metformin, develops advanced kidney disease. What are you concerned about?
The patient should be managed with an alternative therapy as they cannot take metformin due to an increased risk of lactic acidosis. The metformin needs to be 100% going through the kidneys.
Because it has a similar alpha chain and thus can be used as an analog.
Lance Rhyne, DPM is abusing somatotropin. Why would he be at greater risk of developing diabetes?
Because somatotropin/growth hormone is glucose sparing; it increases glycogenic breakdown to increase blood glucose.
Long term use of these drugs for endometriosis can result in osteopenia.
Leuprolide, nafarelin, and goserelin
Insulin shifts K+ into the skeletal muscle and can be given to correct hyperkalemia.
A patient who is taking alpha-glucosidase inhibitor becomes hypoglycemic. How do you treat them.
You need to use GLUcose and NOT SUcrose.
What is a potentially fatal risk of IVF harvest of oocytes?
Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS)
How does somatostatin differ from ocreotide?
Ocreotide has a longer half life so it hangs out longer and promotes down regulation of GH release from the anterior pituitary.
What is the mechanism of action of sitagliptin?
It inhibits the enzyme dipeptidyl peptidase (DPP4) that degrades endogenous GIP and GLP1 which leads to decreased glucose.
A sulfonylurea overdose can be treated with this drug.
Octreotide.
The withdrawal of progesterone.