Epi Basics 1
Prevention strategies intervening before health effects occur, through measures such as vaccinations and reducing unhealthy behaviors
What is primary prevention?
Any variable that may affect health or may be associated with health (positive or negative)
What is an exposure?
A risk divided by one minus that risk
What are odds?
In rare outcomes (prevalence<10%) it approximates the risk ratio
What is odds ratio?
Lack of this Bradford Hill criteria rules out causality
What is temporality?
Interventions focus on changing individual risk factors or behavior
What is an individual intervention?
Prevention strategies to identify diseases in the earliest stages before the onset of symptoms, for instance, regular blood pressure testing
What is secondary prevention?
The average probability that a person will develop the outcome over given period of time
What is risk?
Help us quantify the association between the exposure and the outcome of interest by comparing the occurrence in the exposed vs the unexposed
What are measures of association?
A factor without which the disease never develops, and is present in every causal pie for a given disease
What is a necessary cause?
Interventions focus on changing physical, social, and/or economic factors in the environment to improve public health
What is a structural intervention?
Measures of health states such as presence or absence of diseases, illnesses, conditions, behaviors, etc.
What is a health outcome?
Proportion of the population with existing disease at a single point in time, useful for estimating the disease burden
What is prevalence?
Comparison based on the difference between two measures of disease frequency
What is an absolute measure of association?
A minimum set of factors and circumstances that, if present in a given individual, will produce the disease
What is a sufficient cause?
The science of population health, aiming to understand the key causes of health and disease and doing so in a way that it may inform intervention so we may act
What is epidemiology?
Prevention strategies to manage the disease post diagnosis to slow or stop disease progression
What is tertiary prevention?
A count of events for a given amount of time experienced by a given number of people
What is incidence rate?
Comparison based on the ratio of two measures of disease frequency
What is a relative measure of association?
An event, condition or characteristic that precedes the outcome and without which the event either would not have occurred at all, or would not have occurred until some later time
What is a cause?
Known as the father of epidemiology. He used maps and numbers to describe a cholera epidemic in London
Who is John Snow?
Exposures that vary across the life course of an individual, such as diet, physical activity and alcohol consumption.
What is a time-varying exposure?
Number of new events in a defined population in a defined period of time, useful for studying the causes of a disease
What is incidence?
Is the value of a contrast which indicates no difference between the exposed and unexposed
What is the null value?
Since we only get to observe one outcome under treatment X for one individual, the other unobservable outcome for the same individual would be...
What is counterfactual?