Head and Neck
Which 2 major neck muscles may experience hypertrophy with prolonged increased work of breathing? What are these muscles called?
Sternocleidomastoid and trapezius
Accessory muscles
Name the 3 distinct portions that make up the ear.
External ear (visible external portion of the ear), middle ear (ear canal, TM, ad eustachian tubes), inner ear (sensory perception and balance)
This membrane lines the inner eyelid and covers the sclera. This membrane can become inflamed and infected when exposed to bacteria or irritation.
Conjunctiva
Which 2 sets of sinuses can be assessed during a HEENT assessment?
This large salivary gland is located bilaterally within the cheeks, anterior to the ears. Swelling of this gland is common with mumps.
Parotid gland
Located under cartilage, this lobular gland secretes hormones that regulate metabolism. Older adults frequently experience problems related to this gland.
Thyroid
Describe the difference between conductive and sensorineural hearing loss.
Conductive= mechanical issue in external or middle ear
Sensorineural- problem beyond middle ear, either in cochlea, organ of corti, auditory nerve, or auditory cortex. Presbycusis
This group of 6 muscles control and coordinate eye movement, and are innervated by cranial nerves III, IV, and VI.
Extraocular muscles
What happens to our sense of smell as we age, and why?
Decrease in sense of smell, due a decrease in olfactory sensory nerve fibers.
There are various changes that occur in the mouth with aging, xerostomia being one of them. Define this term
Decreased saliva production.
What is a suture?
A suture is a non-moveable joint between 2 cranial bones. These joints are solidified as we age.
Tinnitus and vertigo are two subjective complaints related to the ears function. Describe these symptoms.
Tinnitus- ringing in the ears.
Vertigo- spinning sensation
This inner layer of the eye receives sensory input through the pupil, and transmits it to the brain for processing. This internal structure can only be viewed using an ophthalmoscope.
Retina
What lifestyle or personal risk factors may you ask about when completing a subjective assessment of the ears? Name at least 2.
Sun protection
Exposure to loud noises and any PPE worn
Exposure to cigarette smoke
Pressure altering activities (airplanes, diving)
What function do tonsils serve? How do you locate them?
Lymphatic tissue that contribute to our immune system.
Mouth starts at the lips and ends at the anterior tonsillar pillar. Tonsils are behind the anterior tonsillar pillar. The throat starts at the back soft palate and extends to the oropharynx.
Place the following anatomical features of the neck in order from superior to inferior:
Thyroid cartilage, mandible, hyoid bone, cricoid cartilage
Name 3 risk factors that increase the risk for otitis media.
Lower SES
Secondhand smoke
Pacifier use
Propping bottles for feeding or bottle feeding when supine
Daycare attendance and having siblings.
What lifestyle or personal factors may you ask about in a subjective assessment of the eyes?
Exposure to toxins, chemicals, infections, or allergens at work? PPE worn?
Stress levels
Diet/nutrition
Use of sunglasses
This bony prominence on the back of the neck serves as a pertinent land mark in a variety of assessments. It is palpable at the base of the neck.
C7
Name 3 changes in the structure or function of the mouth that may occur with aging.
Decreased saliva production, decrease in # of taste buds, thinning of cheek tissues and tongue, tooth loss, receding gums, teeth become more brittle.
These structures are most prevalent in the head and neck. Their function is to drain and filter fluid from tissues and the bloodstream, they serve as part of our immune system.
Lymph nodes
What past medical history may you ask about when completing a subjective assessment of the ears? Describe 3 areas/questions.
Childhood ear infections
Symptoms related to ear function and hearing (tinnitus, vertigo, infection, hearing loss)
Ear surgeries
Past ear trauma- perforated TM
Use of ototoxic drugs
Allergies
Family history
What past medical history may you ask about during subjective assessment of the eyes? Describe at least 3 areas/questions.
Any current vision changes or problems?
Hx of cataracts, glaucoma, high BP, diabetes, thyroid disease, eye injury, or eye surgeries?
Last eye exam or screening for glaucoma
Use of corrective equipment (glasses and contacts)
Exposure to viruses that can cause vision problems, rubella and congenital syphilis
Medications
Family history
These lifestyle choices are the #1 risk factors for developing cancer of the mouth, neck, and throat.
Alcohol use and tobacco use
From anterior to posterior, name the main structures that make up the mouth and throat, must name at least 8 for credit.
Lips, teeth, soft palate, tongue, buccal mucosa, hard palate, uvula, anterior tonsillar pillar, tonsils, posterior tonsillar pillar, pharynx