General chemistry
What is an ion? What is a cation/anion?
Hint: there are 3 components
1) All living things are composed of cells
2) Cells are the smallest unit of life
-cells have genetic information
-they can respond to info. from the environment
-they acquire and process energy
-they have the ability to reproduce and pass genetic info to offspring
3) Cells arise from pre-existing cells
Name the differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
Prokaryotic cells: Bacterial cells, no true nucleus or membrane-bound organelles, only unicellular
(what does it mean to have a true nucleus?)
Eukaryotic cells: Animal and plant cells, genetic info contained within a membrane, functions compartmentalized, unicellular or multicellular
(what is compartmentalization?)
What is a key characteristic of the rough ER?
It has ribosomes and it is directly near the nucleus
What protects the DNA in eukaryotic cells? What is embedded in the nuclear envelope? Function?
The nuclear envelope (how many membranes?)
Nuclear pores are protein complexes in the nuclear envelope that regulate the passage of substances into and out of the nucleus
What does an atom's atomic number represent? Atomic mass?
Atomic number: number of protons
Atomic mass: protons and neutrons
True or false: Cells are able to arise from nonliving material (spontaneous generation)
FALSE!!!
Which is larger? Eukaryotic cells or prokaryotic cells? How does this explain their internal structures?
Eukaryotic cells are larger.
This is why they have membrane-bound organelles and prokaryotes don't; organelles each have a specific function.
(think of compartmentalization)
What does DNA look like in a eukaryotic cell vs a prokaryotic cell?
Eukaryotic cells: store DNA in the nucleus as chromatin (what is chromatin?)
Prokaryotic cells: no nucleus, DNA is free in cytoplasm (called the nucleoid)
What is the nucleolus?
A structure within the nucleus (eukaryotes) that functions to produce ribosomes.
What are the charges of the subatomic particles? (Protons, neutrons, electrons)
Protons +, neutrons 0, electrons -
What is compartmentalization? Is it more efficient for cells to work this way? WHY?
Functions are divided among membrane-bound organelles. (observed in eukaryotic cells)
What are shared characteristics of cells?
1) Membranes
2) Biological molecules (what are they?)
3) Ribosomes (do what?)
4) Internal matrix (what is this called?)
Draw a covalent bond between hydrogen and fluorine
Draw an ionic bond between sodium and chlorine.
How are these bonds different?
Covalent bond: sharing of electrons
Ionic bond: transfer of electrons
Chloroplasts perform synthesis to store energy from light (what is it stored as?)
Mitochondria perform cellular respiration to turn that stored energy into ATP!
What is an ionic bond? Covalent? What different forces are involved?
Ionic bonds: typically metal and nonmetal, involves a transfer of electrons. Opposite charges.
Covalent: Atoms share electrons, typically between 2 nonmentals. Shared electrons
What happens to the SA:V ratio as cells increase in size? Is a smaller or larger ratio more efficient and why?
SA:V ratio decreases in larger cells.
It is more efficient to have a larger SA:V ratio (why?)
What did Louis Pasteur prove or disprove? Do you remember his experiment?
He disproved spontaneous generation. Think of the swan-neck flasks!
Describe the path of products through the endomembrane system
What are the 3 destinations of the product?
Rough ER->transport vesicles->golgi->secretory vesicles
Leave cell, fuse with plasma membrane, fuse with lysosomes
What is the basis of pH? In an acidic environment, are there more H+ ions or OH-? Basic?
Basis of pH: amount of OH- and H+ ions in solution
Acidic: [H+]>[OH-]
Basic: [H+]<[OH-]
What is a polar bond? Is it hydrophilic or hydrophobic? What is a nonpolar bond?
Polar bond: a bond where electrons are unequally shared, hydrophilic (ex: NaCl and H2O)
Nonpolar: electrons are equally shared, hydrophobic
What is the difference between solute, solvent, and solution?
Solute: What is dissolved in solvent
Solvent: dissolves solute (think of water)
Solution: solute and solvent
Explain electronegativity, polar, non-polar, and hydrogen bonds
Electronegativity: an atom's ability to attract electrons in a covalent bond
Polar bonds: unequal sharing of e- gives atoms in molecule partial charges, hydrophilic
Nonpolar molecules: equal sharing of e-, hydrophobic
Hydrogen bonds: between partial charges of molecules
List the components of the endomembrane system and what their functions are! What does the endomembrane system do as a whole?
The endomembrane system functions to make cellular (protein) products
Rough endoplasmic reticulum: Makes and sorts proteins (how?)
Golgi: Modifies proteins (how?)
Secretory vesicles: export product to its final destination
Why are the mitochondria and mitochondria thought to be semi-autonomous organelles?
They have a double membrane, their own DNA and ribosomes
Endosymbiosis?