Translation
GN (name+transl.)
Lex. and Sem.Transf.
Grammatical Transf.
Repetition Link
1
країни, що розвиваються
developing countries
1
It is a continent in the Northern Hemisphere and almost entirely within the Western Hemisphere. It can also be described as the northern subcontinent of a single continent, America.
North America - Північна Америка
1
10 років - a decade
generalization
1
7 мільярдів - 7 billion
grammatical replacement (word-forms)
1
міські жителі - міське населення
Simple Paraphrase
2
перетнути позначку в 5 млрд
to pass the 5 billion mark
2
It is Earth's largest and most populous continent, located primarily in the Eastern and Northern Hemispheres. It shares the continental landmass of Eurasia with the continent of Europe and the continental landmass of Afro-Eurasia with both Europe and Africa.
Asia -Азія
2
за прогнозами ООН - according to projections of the UN
calque + differentiation (or modulation)
2
показник народжуваності буде нижчим - the birth rate will not be/go higher
antonymic translation
2
зменшиться - збільшиться
Complex Paraphrase
3
програма спільного розвитку
co-development programme / cooperative development programme
3
It is the portion of the Americas comprising countries and regions where Romance languages—languages that derived from Latin—such as Spanish, French and Portuguese are predominantly spoken.
Latin America - Латинська Америка
3
міське населення складатиме 60 % - the rate of urban population will be 60 %
generalization
(narrower meaning "складати" - broader meaning "be")
3
Серед головних причин - численні війни і конфлікти. -- Multiple wars and military conflicts are among the main reasons. (2 transformations)
transposition + addition 'military'
3
населення - населені (країни)
Complex Lexical Repetition
4
причини вимушених переселень
forced displacement reasons
4
It is a geographic region that includes Australasia, Melanesia, Micronesia and Polynesia. Spanning the Eastern and Western Hemispheres, it has a land area of 8,525,989 square kilometres and a population of over 41 million.
Oceania -Океанія
4
згідно з прогнозами - according to data
modulation + generalization
4
населення світу старітиме - ageing of population
(+2 more transformations)
morphological replacement (+transposition+omission 'світу')
4
регіон - Азія / Африка / Європа...
Co-Reference Repetition
5
розподіл населення за регіонами
population distribution across regions/ regional distribution of population
5
It is a region of the Americas that comprises the Caribbean Sea, its surrounding coasts, and its islands. The region lies southeast of the Gulf of Mexico and of the North American mainland, east of Central America, and north of South America.
The Carribean - Карибський басейн
5
стихійне лихо - Act of God (lexical and grammatical transformation)
total reorganization
5
Згідно з прогнозами, загальна тривалість життя значно збільшиться... - Average life expectancy is predicted to increase dramatically...
Syntactic replacement
5
людство - населені (країни)
Complex Paraphrase
'link triangle':
- населення - населені = Complex LR
- населення - людство = Simple Paraphrase
- людство - населені = Complex Paraphrase