Represented with this symbol (š¯›¼), and with standard values of 0.01, 0.05, or 0.1, this value is used to compare to the p-value to determine whether to reject the null hypothesis or not.
Significance Level
This American TV show, hosted by John QuiƱones, puts innocent bystanders in uncomfortable public situations to test their reactions. They often get very involved with the situation and it escalates, just for them to be told the entire thing is just an act.
What Would You Do?
I got a positive COVID-19 test, but Iā€™ve been alone in my room for the past two weeks.
Type I Error (false positive)
A new single dose COVID-19 vaccine is under development and to test it on human patients, researchers swap the vaccine randomly on people who are thinking they are receiving their flu shot.
Unethical (missing voluntary participation and informed consent)
Donald Trumpā€™s famous YouTube survey is disregarded.
Voluntary surveys produce extreme results unrepresentative of the population
The probability of the resultant data set occurring given that the null hypothesis is true.
P-value
In this study, participants were assigned a role of either prisoner or guard and their behavior was observed. This experiment had to be terminated after only a few weeks due to the actions of the participants.
Stanford Prison Experiment
My pregnancy test was negative, but my period has stopped for 5 months and my stomach has swollen to the size of a cantaloupe.
Type II Error (false negative)
A researcher performs a hypothesis test and gets a p value of 0.055; he raises his significance value from 0.05 to 0.1 and rejects his null hypothesis.
Unethical (significance level cannot be adjusted after experiment has concluded)
A researcher changes from an SRS to a stratified random sample to accommodate a diverse population.
Proper population representation in the study
This concept in experimental studies ensures that the data and conclusions drawn from the treatment group can be applied to the population from which the participants were drawn.
Control Group
In this experimental study, participants were made to believe they were sending an electric shock to another participant, causing them physical harm.
Milgram Experiment
This type of error is usually considered more severe or unethical than the other type of error (example is raising a significance level in a medical drug study to allow drug to be put on shelves)
Type I Error
In Derek Shepherd's clinical trial, he and his assistant Meredith Grey give randomly selected participants with Alzheimer's a placebo and not a real treatment for their illness.
Ethical (placebo is not substituting a life-saving/necessary medication)
A researcher re-words their questions to be less inflammatory.
Eliminating response bias
This technique, used in experimental studies, stratifies study participants based on certain key characteristics before treatment is undergone.
Blocking
This experiment was allegedly done by Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II in the 13th century, two babies were isolated in a room with no exposure to language to see if they developed their own language or if there was a default language for humans.
The Forbidden Experiment
I conducted a t test with data independently sampled using the hat method with a sample size of 15 and rejected my null hypothesis, but I cannot trust my conclusion because of an unmet assumption.
Normal Distribution of Data
Several recipients of the new Gary and Johnson COVID-19 vaccine report having significant blood clots in human trials period, but the pharmaceutical company hides these cases because of the potential benefits and continue testing
Unethical (includes risk of harm to participants)
Participants in Derek Shepherd and Meredith Greyā€™s Alzheimerā€™s study are assigned to the treatment or placebo group using the hat method.
Randomization
Hat method, random number generator and random number table.
Simple Random Sample
On the day MLK Jr. died, in an attempt to teach her students about discrimination by race, this elementary school teacher separated her students by eye color and gave one group special treatment and punished the other. The next day the roles were reversed and they reflected on their experiences.
Jane Elliot
The probability of avoiding a type II error.
Power
Researchers conducting a study promise participants $25 upon completion of the study and then give them a $25 gift certificate to Hermes; the participants cannot buy anything with their reward.
Ethical (money is promised and given even though it's not necessarily what was to be expected)
In 2011, Italian scientists from OPERA claimed that they found that neutrino particles move faster than the speed of light. Other researchers __________, and continuously got different results, in the end the original researchers discovered an equipment malfunction causing their flawed discovery.
Replicated the study