Definitions
Define: Revolution
Revolution is the sudden or momentous change in a situation.
What is the process of the Agarian way of life turning into an industry and machine based society called?
People moved from ______________ to ____________ for work.
People moved from villages/farms to cities for work.
What was the heart of the industrial city?
Define: Mechanisation
Machanisation is the act or process of introducing machines into an industry or other area of activity in order to replace human labour.
List the two reasons for the Agricultural Revolution.
1. The Enclosure movement
2. Improved farming techniques
Explain how children were affected by the Industrial Revolution.
- Families were faced with hardships such as debt and one option they had was to have their children become employed in order to make enough money.
- The children who were working in the cotton factories at this time were subjected to harsh conditions. These conditions led to a variety of health consequences, both mental and physical.
- As a result of their parents working long hours, most younger children rarely saw their parents.
- Many more children were born as they made good workers.
A trade union, also called labour union, association of workers in a particular trade, industry, or company created for the purpose of securing improvements in pay, benefits, working conditions, or social and political status through collective bargaining.
Define: Industrialisation
Industrialisation is the process by which an economy is transformed from a primarily agricultural one to one based on the manufacturing of goods. It is the development of industries within towns and cities. Individual manual labor is often replaced by mechanized mass production, and craftsmen are replaced by assembly lines.
List three factors that caused the Industrial Revolution.
Technological, Economy and Social factors.
What social class was created as a result of the Industrial Revolution? Explain how this occurred.
The Industrial Revolution created a new middle class along with the working class. Those in the middle class owned and operated the new factories, mines, and railroads, among other industries. This happened as the Industrial Revolution provided opportunities for more management positions and closed the gap between the very poor and wealthy.
What was the Factory Act that was passed 1833?
In 1833 the Government passed a Factory Act to improve conditions for children working in factories. Young children were working very long hours in workplaces where conditions were often terrible.
Define: Urbanisation
Urbanisation is the development of towns and cities due to the increase in the proportion of people living there.
Explain what the 'Enclosure Movement' was.
The enclosure movement was the consolidation of open fields into single farms, owned by one farmer as it became clear that agriculture would be more efficient on larger plots of land.
Once landowners enclosed the land many of the poorer farmers (peasants) did not have access to the land. If the land was large enough it could be subdivided and smaller farms could be leased out to those same peasants.
List two positives and two negatives of urbanisation during the Industrial Revolution.
Positive:
- ports and canals were modernised
- Britain's wealth grew
- led to establishment of more businesses
Negatives:
- cost of living went up
- working class neighbourhoods were bleak and overcrowded
- spreading of slums
- people became violent
- poor sanitation (which led to epidemics)
- workers were exploited as jobs were competive
List four of the conditions that the Factory Act (1833) ensured.
The basic act was as follows:
-no child workers under nine years of age
-employers must have an age certificate for their child workers
-children of 9-13 years to work no more than nine hours a day
-children of 13-18 years to work no more than 12 hours a day
-children are not to work at night
-two hours schooling each day for children
-four factory inspectors appointed to enforce the law
Define: Cottage Industry
The manufacturing of goods by workers in their homes.
List two effects of the Enclosure Movement.
• Forced small farmers off their strip and onto often unsuitable and undesirable land
• Peasants had to look for work in the cities
• Increased agricultural output (meaning more money)
List what life was like for working-class people living in the cities during the Industrial revolution.
- Little to no time for recreation
- Festivals were banned
- People did not share 'community ideals'
- used a common toilet which seeped into homes
- People were sick
- life seemed excited but was tough
- harsh working conditions
- air was polluted
- extremely crowded
List the working conditions that citizens had to endure.
- long hours
- low pay
- no safety equipment
- competitive workforce/replaceable
- harsh environment
- illness/death