Ch 31
Classify the following BP 134/83
Prehypertension
What does PaO2 stand for?
partial pressure of arterial oxygen
What is the maximum oxygen flow for the nasal cannula?
What disorder is characterized by recurrent episodes of upper airway obstruction and a reduction in ventilation?
Obstructive Sleep Apnea
What is atelectasis and what's the worst complication that can develop?
Atelectasis is a closure or collapse of alveoli and often described in relation to chest x-ray findings.
Pleural Effusion
Which type of medication blocks the sympathetic nervous system, producing slower heart rate and lowered blood pressure?
Metoprolol (Beta-Blockers)
What diagnostic tools can help in determining respiratory diseases?
PFTs
ABGs
Pulse Oximetry
Sputum Studies
Chest X-Ray
Define hypoxia and hypoxemia.
Hypoxia - decrease in oxygen supply to the tissues and cells.
Hypoxemia - decrease in arterial oxygen tension in the blood
What are the clinical manifestations of OSA?
Frequent and loud snoring w/ breathing cessation for 10 seconds or longer, for at least five episodes per hour, followed by awakening abruptly w/ a loud snort as the blood oxygen level drops.
Which type of pneumonia develops 48 hours or more after admission and does not appear to be incubating at the time of admission?
Hospital-Acquired Pneumonia
Classify the following BP 172/111
Stage 2 HTN
What are the major s/s of respiratory disease?
Dyspnea
Cough
Sputum Production
Chest Pain
Wheezing
Hemoptysis
What disease processes make up the umbrella of COPD?
Emphysema and Chronic Bronchitis
What are the risk factors for developing OSA?
Obesity
Male Gender
Postmenopausal Status
Advanced Age
What are the risk factors for developing Pneumonia? (List @ Least 4)
Chronic Lung Disease
HIV/AIDS
COPD
ETOH Abuse
Steroids
HF
Diabetes
What types of organ damage or disease processes secondary to Hypertension may occur? (List 2 @ Least)
Chronic Kidney Disease
Hear Disease
Peripheral Arterial Disease
Retinopathy
Stroke/TIA
What are the structural age-related changes that occur involving the respiratory system?
Decreased number of cilia and decreased mucus
Decreased cough and gag reflex
Loss of surface area of the capillary membranes
Lack of a uniform or consistent ventilation and/or blood flow
Home oxygen use safety tips for your patient. (List at least 3)
-No Smoking!
-Do not use paint thinners, cleaning fluids, gasoline, aerosol sprays, or other flammable materials while using oxygen.
-Keep all methods of oxygen delivery @ least 15 ft away from matches, candles, gas stove, or other sources of flame.
-Notify airline of oxygen needs prior to flying.
-When traveling in an automobile, place oxygen tank on the floor behind the front seat.
How is severe OSA involving hypoxemia and hypercapnia treated?
CPAP or BiPap therapy w/ supplemental oxygen via Nasal Cannula
What are the s/s of pneumonia? (List @ least 5)
Pain
Fever
Upper Back Pain
Coughing
Tachypnea
Nasal Congestion
Sore Throat
Rash
Pharyngitis
Sputum
Which antihypertensive medications inhibit the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II with a rare but life-threatening complication, angioedema?
ACE Inhibitors (Lisinopril)
What are the three functions of the respiratory system and a brief explanation of each?
Oxygen Transport - oxygen is supplied and carbon dioxide is removed by way of the circulating blood through the thing walls of the capillaries.
Respiration - After the tissue capillary exchange occurs, blood enters the systemic circulation and travels to pulmonary circulation.
Ventilation - Ventilation requires movement of the walls of the thoracic cage and of its floor, the diaphragm
What are the clinical manifestations of asthma?
cough, dyspnea, wheezing, runny nose, chest tightness
What is the most common type of upper airway infection?
A common cold
What supportive care measures do we use to treat pneumonia?
Hydration
Bed Rest
Decongestants
Reduce Sneezing
Oxygen Therapy