DNA Structure
How do we pronounce 5' or 3'?
Five prime
Three prime
How many strands does RNA have?
1
Do all cells (like skin and muscle cells) have the same DNA?
YES!
How many sides of the DNA double helix gets copied into mRNA?
The collection of proteins that contains RNA Polymerase, transcription factors, and other proteins is called what?
Transcription Initiation Complex
Free floating in the cytoplasm
Attached to the rough ER
Which part of the amino acid is different from other amino acids?
The R group (or side chain)
What do the "primes" refer to?
The carbon in the ring
What are the two cellular locations of RNA?
Nucleus & Cytoplasm
Genes required for making energy are regularly expressed in all cells because they are necessary for the cell's survival.
What is the name for such genes that are constantly expressed?
Constitutive expression
What does it mean to "express" a gene?
The cell produces that protein.
For example, red blood cells "express" the hemoglobin gene to make hemoglobin proteins.
What is the name of the side of DNA that is copied into mRNA?
Template strand (or anti-sense strand or transcribed strand)
What macromolecule group do ribosomes belong to?
Nucleic Acids
Name the four levels of protein folding, in order.
1) Primary
2) Secondary
3) Tertiary
4) Quaternary
Which nucleotides are purines?
Adenine
Guanine
Name the 3 types of RNA
mRNA (messenger)
rRNA (ribosomal)
tRNA (transfer)
Most eukaryotes have more than a thousand different proteins that turn genes on and off, in response to environmental signals. What are these proteins called?
Transcription factors
What is the specific enzyme that reads the gene & makes the mRNA?
RNA Polymerase
The specific area of the promoter that helps correctly position RNA Polymerase is called what?
The TATA box
What are the three stages, in order, of translation?
1) Initiation
2) Elongation
3) Termination
Of the 4 levels of protein folding, which one only applies to SOME proteins?
Quaternary (not all proteins have multiple polypeptide chains)
What nucleotides are pyrimidines?
Cytosine
Thymine
Uracil
In DNA, what does Adenine pair with?
Thymine
Transcription factors bind to what area of a gene?
Regulatory region (enhancer region is also an acceptable answer)
What are the four stages, in order, of transcription & mRNA processing?
2) Chain Elongation
3) Termination
4) mRNA Processing
What are the 3 parts of mRNA processing?
1) Adding an mG cap (to the 5' end)
2) Adding a PolyA tail (to the 3' end)
3) Splicing (removing introns and putting together exons)
Which end of the mRNA binds to the small ribosomal subunit?
5' (the mG cap)
At the secondary level of protein folding, the polypeptide chain folds into two main structures. Name them.
Alpha helix
Beta Pleated Sheets
How many rings do purines have?
2
In RNA, what does Adenine pair with?
Within the gene's regulatory region, there's a gene's "on/off switch."
What is that "switch" called?
Promoter region
What is the primary enzyme used during the "chain elongation" stage of mRNA processing?
What is the enzyme that cuts introns out of the mRNA?
Spliceosome
At which of the ribosome's three sites does the amino acid detach from the tRNA and form a peptide bond with the neighboring amino acid?
P Site
Name two of the chemical properties of amino acids that affect how proteins fold.
Charge (positive, negative, neutral)
Polar/non polar (hydrophilic/hydrophobic)