U.S. Criminal Justice System
The goals of the criminal justice system
What is doing justice, controlling crime, and preventing crime?
crimes that are wrong in themselves
what is mala in se?
Law that defines acts that are subject to punishment and specifies the punishments for such offenses
What is substantive criminal law?
Colonial era and early republic; political era; professional model era; community policing era
What are the historical periods of American policing?
Law enforcement organization follows this type of style
What is military?
The development of approaches to addressing problems in criminal justice and advancing the goals of criminal justice by using research studies to guide decisions about what will work effectively
What is evidence-based practices?
Often called street crime or ordinary crime
What is visible crime?
This specifies the defendant’s rights and tells justice system officials how they can investigate and process cases
functions of sheriff deputies besides law enforcement?
What is operate jails, move prisoners, and provide court bailiffs?
The theory that people become lawbreakers because they encounter more influences that view criminal behavior as normal and acceptable than they do influences that are hostile to criminal behavior
What is the theory of differential association?
A system of government in which power is divided between a central (national) government and regional (state) governments
What is federalism?
A framework for the perpetration of criminal acts—usually in fields such as gambling, drugs, and prostitution—providing illegal services that are in great demand.
What is organized crime?
The amendment protects the right to counsel
What is the sixth amendment?
This kind of training seeks to reduce risks of improper use of force by police
De-escalation training
A court order authorizing police officers to take certain actions—for example, to arrest suspects or to search premises
What is a warrant?
The four major characteristics of the criminal justice system
What is Discretion, filtering, resource dependence, and sequential tasks?
A metaphor that emphasizes the dangerous dimension of crimes that are never reported to the police
What is the dark figure of crime?
The first test of criminal responsibility for the insanity defense
What is the M'Naghten rule?
The profile of the police has changed in this way
What is better educated; more diverse with female officers and those from previously excluded racial and ethnic groups?
This defense is used when people break the law in order to save themselves or prevent some greater harm
What is necessity?
This model of criminal justice assumes that every effort must be made to repress crime
what is the crime control model?
A school of criminology that views behavior as stemming from social, biological, and psychological factors. It argues that punishment should be tailored to the individual needs of the lawbreaker.
What is positivist criminology?
The seven principles of criminal law
What is legality, actus reus, causation, harm, concurrence, mens rea, and punishment
The police function of preventing behavior that disturbs or threatens to disturb the public peace or that involves face-to-face conflict between two or more people. In such situations, the police exercise discretion in deciding whether a law has been broken
What is order maintenance?
Theories that blame crime on the existence of a powerless lower class that lives with poverty and deprivation and often turns to crime in response
What is social structure theories?