The Renaissance
What does the word renaissance mean in French?
Rebirth
the selling of indulgences
What country rejected Columbus's proposal for an expedition first?
Portugal
The Enlightenment began with ______________ and ended with ________________.
French Revolution
Who first developed calculus?
Isaac Newton
Which new development had a tremendous impact on education, scholarship, communication, and significantly increased the value of literacy significantly?
The Printing Press
What major revelation about salvation did Luther experience when he read the Bible for himself?
Salvation by grace through faith, NOT works
What was the reason for the major struggle between England and Spain in the 1500s?
Protestantism v Catholicism
When Johannes Kepler, the German mathematician worked his magic and ran the numbers, what groundbreaking information did he discover?
the orbits were not circular, they were elliptical.
Planets moved on a regular basis
The square of the time a planet takes to orbit the sun is proportional to the cube of its average distance from the sun
Kepler indicated that heavenly bodies are subject to exact, knowable laws
Which person plunged into prayer, fasting, and asceticism later commented, "If anyone could have earned heaven by the life of a monk, it was I?"
Martin Luther
The major change in thinking that took place in the Renaissance was the shift from a focus on God to a focus on man. What was the name of this new philosophy?
Humanism
What is the Vulgate?
A translation of the OT & NT from og languages to latin by Jerome the monk
Who motivated Europe to expand its borders for the first time since Alexander the Great?
Marco Polo
What was Copernicus's controversial theory AND what were 3 things/people it contradicted?
The sun was the COU & earth + planets rotated it
Contradicted observation, Aristotle, ptolemy, Catholic Church leaders, church doctrine
Who was the creator of The Last Supper?
Leonardo da Vinci
How did the Renaissance affect the European economy?
Italian merchants dominated trade in the Med
Capitalism
Rise of the banking industry
Serfdom ended
Name the 5 points of calvinism.
Total depravity
Unconditional election
Limited atonement
Irresistible Grace
Perseverance of the Saints
What were Columbus's rewards according to his contract with Ferdinand and Isabela
he could keep a tenth of the riches he found
noble title
governorship of lands he encountered
Describe one of Newton's Laws of Motion
1.If an object is at rest, it will remain at rest, or if an object is in motion, it will remain in motion in a straight line at a constant velocity, unless outside forces act upon it.
2.The acceleration of an object of constant mass is proportional to the force acting upon it (force = mass x acceleration)
3.For every action, there is always an equal and opposite reaction. (For example: if a horse pulls a stone with a rope, the stone will also pull back on the horse.)
John Wycliffe
People in Europe eagerly turned away from the study of scripture to the study of rediscovered ancient pagan writings and teachings from which nations?
Greek and Roman
Name 3 distinct factors that led up to/encouraged the reformation.
1.Hierarchy of the Roman Catholic Church had become worldly and corrupt. Leadership lacked integrity/were ungodly people. “Church leaders spent much time in political maneuvers involving kings and nobles. In addition, the Church had amassed a tremendous amount of wealth and property.” Power goes to peoples’ heads.
2.Some Catholic practices had departed significantly from the Bible. “The clergy held tight control on the members by the way they used confession, communion, and Church traditions.”
1.Catholic emphasis on good works
2.Teaching the earning of salvation
3.Bad doctrines: papal authority/purgatory
3.The Renaissance had introduced a new way of looking at the world. People began to question and criticize the things that had been established as truth. Catholic teachings were challenged during this time.
4.Growing nationalism loosened European ties to Rome
5.Printing press helped multiply the spread of new ideas/teachings
6.Increasing desire for meaningful faith
What development in the Middle East prompted Europeans to seek a water route to Asia?
The Ottoman defeat of Byzantium
Describe 3 points from the traditional understanding of astronomy
- The earth was stationary and was orbited by the sun
- The moon, planets, and stars orbited the earth in perfect circles
- The only known planets were Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn
- Planets were encased in transparent spheres
- Beyond everything visible was a final sphere that moved in the opposite direction driving the heavenly bodies from east to west.
- God was the creator and was moving and controlling everything
Who oversaw the translation of the Great Bible?
Miles Coverdale