E'erthing
Which of the following statements about antigen-presenting cells is FALSE?
The aid immune cells in recognizing antigens.
They can be found in our skin and our lymphoid organs.
Both B cells and T cells rely on them.
Both B cells and T cells rely on them.
Which of the following is an example of the CHEMICAL protection the skin provides?
macrophages in the dermis, low pH secretions, the continuity of its many layers, its ability to synthesize vitamin D
low pH secretions
Which of the following is NOT considered an innate body defense?
Natural killer cells, antibodies, inflammation, antimicrobial proteins
antibodies
Hair, nails, and the outermost layer of our skin are composed mostly of a tough and protective protein known as....
kerotin
Which of the following statements about a structure of the lymphatic system is FALSE?
The appendix is located just posterior to the stomach and plays a role in establishing long-term immunity.
The thymus is located just superior to the heart and plays a key role early in life before beginning to atrophy post-puberty.
The spleen cleanses blood and recycles and stores salvaged iron and blood platelets from it.
The appendix is located just posterior to the stomach and plays a role in establishing long-term immunity.
Contrast humoral and cellular immunity explaining what their "key players" are and what their targets are.
Humoral: antibodies, extracellular targets (bacteria, toxins, virus)
Cellular: lymphocytes (b/t cells), intracellular targets (pathogen-infected cells, cancer cells, transplanted cells)
Which statement below CORRECTLY matches the immune system cell with its function?
Mast cells use cytoplasmic extensions to reel in and ingest foreign invaders.
Neutrophils are phagocytes that result in the formation of pus at the site of an infection.
B cells release histamine to promote vasodilation.
Neutrophils are phagocytes that result in the formation of pus at the site of an infection.
A(n) __________ is a virus or microorganism that causes disease, while a(n) __________ is simply anything that can cause an immune system response and is the part of a(n) ___________ our body recognizes as foreign.
pathogen; antigen; pathogen
Which type of epidermal cell is most dominant in the heal of your foot?
karotinocyte
The _____ lymphoid organs, like the _________, are responsible for making maturing lymphocytes.
primary; thymus and red bone marrow
Explain the purpose of vaccines and why they are most effective when the majority of the population is vaccinated. Include the specific term used to describe this type of effectiveness.
Vaccines stimulate the immune system by exposing it to antigens prior to infection so that if an infection does occur later on, the body knows how to handle it. They are most effective when the majority of the population is vaccinated because the pathogenic microbes aren’t able to spread because the majority of people’s bodies have set-up defenses against the microbes. This type of effectiveness is known as herd immunity.
What are at least 3 functions of the hypodermis?
insulates from heat loss
absorbs shock
stores energy
A fetus receiving antibodies from its mother through the placenta while it is in the womb is an example of which type of immunity?
naturally acquired passive immunity.
Which of the following glands secretes a substance containing proteins and fat that when decomposed by bacteria results in body odor?
Apocrine, eccrine, oil, sebaceous
apocrine
Describe the overall function of the lymphatic system. Then describe which body system it is functionally most related to and which body system it is structurally most related to and why.
The lymphatic system is responsible for returning fluids that have leaked from the cardiovascular/circulatory system back to the blood. It is functionally most closely related to the cardiovascular/circulatory system due to how it helps to maintain blood volume and pressure levels, and structurally most related to the immune system in that the immune system doesn't have its own true structures, and immune cells inhabit lymphatic tissues and organs.
Your body comes into contact with a foreign substance for the first time. Explain three of the mechanisms your immune system will use in response to this initial pathogenic exposure. Include the specific term used to describe the immune system’s initial line of defense.
Helper T cells = help to activate B cells, other T cells, and macrophages
Cytotoxic T cells = directly attack and kill other cells
Regulatory T cells = moderate the immune response
If you were to get a tattoo, which sensory receptor in your skin would allow you to sense the pain from the needle?
Ruffini ending, hair follicle ending, free nerve ending, tactile corpuscle
free nerve ending
Once activated, B cells will proliferate and differentiate into one of two types of cells. List each type of cell and a role each plays in the immune response.
Plasma cells - secrete antibodies that inactivate antigens to enhance phagocytosis or mark them for destruction
Memory cells - allow the body to remember the antigen so it can respond more quickly in the future
Dendritic cells are most abundant in the _________ layer of the skin.
stratum spinosum (spiny layer)
Explain, in detail, why your tonsils get swollen. (include the line of defense)
They become swollen due to inflammation as a response to an infection. The inflammatory response is one of our body's 2nd lines of defense against pathogens and can happen when the lymph nodes get overrun by bacteria in the lymph and can't filter it fast enough.
A woman becomes incredibly ill after attending a baby shower. After a day of non-stop vomiting, she goes in to the doctor and is diagnosed with Salmonellosis, a type of food poisoning caused by an infection from the Salmonella bacteria. The doctor prescribes her with ampicillin. The antibiotic helps for a few days, but then the symptoms return. She goes back to the doctor and is prescribed a different antibiotic – ciprofloxacin. This fails to provide any relief, not even for a short amount of time like the first antibiotic did. Describe, in detail, what most likely happened, from an evolutionary standpoint.
Most likely there is natural variation in the Salmonella bacteria that she got infected with, making some more resistant to antibiotics than others, due to random mutation. The initial antibiotics provided some relief at first because they were able to kill off the low-resistant bacteria easily.
However, over time the high-resistant bacteria were able to continue reproducing and thus became more and more common in the population, continuing in her system. The second round of antibiotics were ineffective due to the remaining bacteria in her body all having the adaptation of antibiotic resistance.
Explain the role our skin plays in the regulation of body temperature. Specifically identify one other body system that works alongside our skin to accomplish this task.
Our skin works alongside the cardiovascular/circulatory system to regulate body temperature by utilizing vasodilation of the blood vessels in the dermis when we need to lower our body temperature in order to lose heat, and vasoconstriction of these blood vessels when we need to raise our body temperature in order to conserve heat.
Your body comes into contact with a foreign substance for the first time. Explain three of the mechanisms your immune system will use in response to this initial pathogenic exposure. Include the specific term used to describe the immune system’s initial line of defense.
Your body will respond to this initial exposure potentially with fever to increase the metabolism of your cells so that they will heal faster, inflammation to set off an internal alarm that something is wrong, and defensive white blood cells like phagocytes to eat the pathogens to rid the body of them.
All of these initial lines of defense fall under the body's innate defenses.
What would happen (or fail to happen) if the dermal papillae did not exist?
The epidermis would lack nourishment via the capillary loops and the feeling of sensations felt via the nerve endings and touch receptors in the dermal papillae.
Explain the overall function of MALT and list two specific places in the body where it can be found.
MALT = lymphoid tissues in mucous membranes through the body that help to prevent pathogens from penetrating the mucous membrane.
Two places could be any of the following = tonsils in the throat/respiratory tract, Peyer's patches in the intestines/GI tract, or appendix in the GI tract