Definitions
an extreme score
What is an outlier?
to establish causation, a study has to satisfy
what are the 3 casual criteria
This graph can be used with internal validity to establish a third variable
What is a scatter-plot graph
this doesn't matter when interrogating external validity
The relationship between 2 variables changes depending on the level of another variable, the other variable is
What is a moderator?
can have an effect on the correlation coefficient
What is a single outlier?
the cause variable must preced the effect variable
What is temporal precedence
original relationship
What is a spurious association
T/F many associations do generalize to samples very different from the original
In ____ research, moderators can inform external validity
What is correlational research
The temporal precedence criterion is sometimes called..
What is the directionality problem ?
satisfies only the first of the 3 criteria for causation
What is covariance
In this claim it not neccessary to formally focus on internal validity
What is a simple association claim
T/F : if sample doesn't use a random sample you should automatically reject the association
What is positive correlation between success and attendance
when there is not a full range of scores in the association, it can make the correlation look smaller than it is
must be plausible alternative explanations for the relationship, could hav
What is Internal Validity
coming up with an alternative explanation for the association between 2 variables
What is a third variable problem
ex) 310 students at UOU were selected. But because they didn't specify random sampling, the external validity is ____
What is external validity is unknown
ex) People with higher incomes are found to spend less time socializing. Negatively associated with time spent socializing with neighbors but positively spent with friends. The variable ______ moderates the association
Outliers problematic when they involve extreme scores on both of the variables
What is a bivariate correlation?
Results must show a correlation or association between the casue variable and the effect variable
What is covariance of cause and effect
T/F ex) Meeting online leads to happier, more enduring marriages. Internal Validity is not met by this study so we cannot make a causal inference
True
T/F: If the bivariate correlational study didn't use random sample, instead of rejecting the association, you can accept the study's results and leave the question of generalization to the next study.
True
T/F Moderation is the same as mediation
What is False