The Brain
Where is the cortex located and what is its function?
the outermost layer of the brain that is associated with our highest mental capabilities
Who wrote the first psychology textbook?
William James
What 4 structures does the retina contain?
Rods, cones, bipolar cells, ganglion cells
What are the 3 areas that predict real-world success according Sternberg's triarchic theory?
Feeling hunger and then eating food is an example of which theory of motivation?
Drive-reduction
What is the difference between the Hippocampus and the Hypothalamus?
Hippocampus: memory & learning
Hypothalamus: metabolic processes: thirst, hunger, body temp.
What are the name of the 4 stages of cognitive development according to Jean Piaget.
(1) sensorimotor intelligence, (2) preoperational thinking, (3) concrete operational thinking, and (4) formal operational thinking.
What is the correct order of information processing in vision?
rods and cones -> bipolar cells -> ganglion cells -> optic nerve
Who proposed we have one general intelligence (g)?
Charles Spearman
What schedule of reinforcement is most resistant to extinction?
What are the 4 lobes of the brain and their function?
Frontal: complex thinking
Temporal: auditory processing
Parietal: sensory information
Occipital: visual information
Who is consider to be the founder of psychology and had the first psychological lab?
Wilhelm Wundt
What is the name of the theory that states that we have cones that are receptive to three colors: red, green, blue and that these colors are mixed together to perceive color?
Trichromatic Theory of Color Vision
What is the difference between procedural memories and declarative memories (episodic memories and semantic memories)?
Procedural memories: memories for the performance of actions or skills (“knowing how”)
Declarative memories: Memories of facts, rules, concepts, and events (“knowing that”)
Semantic memories: general knowledge (rules, facts, concepts)
Episodic memories: personally experienced events
Zajonc and LeDoux emphasize that some emotions are immediate, without conscious appraisal. True or False.
True. Route to emotions goes from event to emotional response versus Schachter-Singer which goes from event to appraisal to emotional response
What is the difference between Broca's Area and Wernicke's Area?
Broca's Area: the area of the brain responsible for producing speech. If it is damaged, you can understand what someone says, but your speech is disjointed.
Wernicke's Area: responsible for the comprehension of speech. If you have an aphasia in this area of the brain you are unable to understand and respond to what people are saying to you.
Stanley Schachter (along with Jerome Singer) were the brains behind the Two-Factor Theory of Emotion. Describe this theory.
Emotion is processed in BOTH the autonomic nervous system (pounding heart) AND the cerebral cortex (conscious thought-cognitive appraisal-this is scary/this is fun)
What are the three parts of the Ossicles and what is their overall function?
Hammer, Anvil, Stirrup (HAS) / Malleus, Incus, Stapes (MIS)
What is the difference between your Iconic Memory and your Echoic Memory during encoding?
Iconic Memory: a momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli; a photographic or picture-image memory lasting no longer than a few tenths of a second
Echoic Memory: a momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli; if attention is elsewhere, sounds and words can still be recalled within 3 or 4 seconds
Which theory of emotion believes that the physiological experience (heartbeat, sweat) and the cognitive experience (fear) happen simultaneously?
Cannon-Bard Theory of Emotion (think: two cannons firing at the same time)
Name 5 parts of the neuron and their function.
Dendrites: signals from muscles and other neurons enter the neuron through these branches
Soma: the cell body of the neuron.
Axon: the axon extends out from the soma and sends signals through the neuron.
Myelin Sheath: protects the axon and speed the signal down the axon.
Nodes of Ranvier: as the signal travels down the axon it jumps from one node to another.
Synaptic Vesicles: contain the neurotransmitters.
Synapse: the space between one neuron and another where neurotransmitters move from one neuron to the next.
Which theorist believed that our intelligence can be broken down into seven factors: word fluency, verbal comprehension, spatial ability, perceptual speed, numerical ability, inductive reasoning, and memory?
L.L. (Louis Leon) Thurstone
What is the Difference Between Kinesthesis and Vestibular Sense?
Kinesthesis is the process that senses the movement and position of the body. In contrast, vestibular sense is the process that senses the balance of the body and head movements.
What is the difference between an implicit memory and and explicit memory?
Explicit Memories: our conscious memories of facts and experiences form through effortful processing, which requires conscious effort and attention.
Implicit Memories: skills and classically conditioned associations happen without our awareness through automatic processing.
It is through this type of therapy that patients learn to change their perceptions on thoughts, emotions, behaviors.
Cognitive Behavior Therapy (CBT)
Example: "dogs make me nervous"
1. Thoughts: identifying that dogs make me nervous
2. Emotions: recognizing the feelings are based on unresolved trauma involving a dog.
3. Behavior: Unpack those emotions and reframe them in a healthy way so that when you see a friendly dog, you react to the new dog rather than your trama.