Cell Structure/Function
How do Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes differ?
Eukaryotic cells have a membrane-bound nucleus and prokaryotic cells do not
What is the difference between the photosynthesis and cellular respiration equations?
Photosynthesis: 6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2
Cellular respiration: C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H20 + ATP
What is Mitosis?
A type of cell division that results in two daughter cells each having the same number/kind of chromosomes as the parent nucleus
What is the purpose of meiosis?
It's purpose is to form gametes with half the number of parent chromosomes.
What is convergent evolution?
Where distantly related organisms independently evolve similar traits to adapt to similar necessities
Define hypotonic, hypertonic, and isotonic.
Isotonic: Both solutions have equal concentration of solutes.
Hypertonic: Solution with the higher concentration of solutes.
Hypotonic: Solution with the lower concentration of solutes.
What is the difference between endergonic vs. exergonic reactions?
Exergonic reactions: the reactants are at a higher free energy level than the products.
Endergonic reaction: the reactants are at a lower free energy level than the products
What are the stages of Mitosis?
Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, cytokinesis
What is the difference between a haploid and diploid cell?
Haploid cells contain one complete set of chromosomes while diploid cells complete two complete sets of chromosomes.
How does migration lead to evolution?
The movement of an organism into or out of an environment can change their frequency which is considered evolution.
What does a selectively permeable membrane do?
It is able to differentiate between different types of molecules, only allowing some molecules through while blocking others.
What is the function of enzymes?
They help speed up chemical reactions
What is short distance communication?
A cell is able to communicate with the same type of cells and the target cell that it is trying to reach is within a short distance.
What is the Law of independent assortment?
Pair of alleles separate independently of one another during meiosis.
What is the bottleneck effect?
A reduction and a following increase in a population's size typically affects the distribution of genetic variation among individuals.
What is endosymbiosis?
Any organism that lives within the body or cells of another organism
What is aerobic cell respiration?
Oxygen is used to make energy from carbohydrates.
In what stage of the cell cycle is there a growth and preparation for mitosis stage?
G2
What is the main difference between meiosis and mitosis?
Mitosis forms two identical cells while meiosis forms 4 unique cells.
What is the purpose of the phylogenetics tree?
To show evolutionary relationships between different species.
What cell parts are found in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes?
Cell membrane and ribosomes.
What is the difference between active and passive transport?
Active transport: moves molecules and ions from lower concentration to higher concentration with the help of energy in the form of ATP.
Passive transport: moves molecules and ions from a higher concentration to lower concentration without any energy
What is a ligand?
It’s a signaling molecule that binds to a cell receptor and initiates a response.
Why is crossing over so important?
It helps with genetic variation which helps with natural selection.
What is mass extinction?
An accelerated species lost.