Cells, Genomes, and the Diversity of Life
The backbone of DNA molecule
What is deoxyribose
The group of atoms responsible for distinguishing one amino acid's structure and function from another
What is the R group
What chemical catalysis is needed for an enzyme to do its job?
A) No catalysis
B) Acid catalysis
C) Base catalysis
D) Both Acid and Base catalysis reactions
What is D
A display of the 46 human chromosomes at mitosis is typically known as this
What is a karyotype
Cells that transmit genetic information from parents to offspring
What is germ cells
The nucleotide that is replaced by Uracil in RNA transcription
What is Thymine
What is the machinery that processes mRNA into forming proteins?
What is ribosome
Defined as the segment of DNA sequence corresponding to a single protein or to single regulatory or structural RNA molecule
What is a gene
A type of covalent bond commonly formed between cysteine residues in a folded protein
What are disulfide bonds
What is the free energy required to attain the most unstable intermediate state called?
What is Transition state (activation energy)
Molecule responsible for the most basic level of chromosome packing
What is a histone
localized region of replication that moves progressively along preparing the double helix
What is replication fork
Site on DNA template that starts transcription
What is a promoter
This position on an anticodon allows for a small degree of flexibility in the codons a tRNA is able to recognize
What is the wobble position
The types of gene families
What is orthologs, and paralogs
Amino acids with this property provide proteins such as elastin with their characteristic elasticity
What are hydrophobic side chains
What are 3 ways proteins can interact with each other?
What is
- Surface-String, Surface-Surface, Helix-Helix
A number of DNA turns around histone core
What is 1.7 Left handed coils around each histone
Of these structures, Epsilon synthesizes the leading strand, alpha and delta synthesize the lagging strand Okazaki fragments
What is polymerases
The three modifications that happen to Eukaryotic mRNA
what is the addition of a 5' methylated guanine cap, the addition of a 3' poly A tail and RNA splicing.
This molecule catalyzes a two-step reaction that results in the attachment of a specific amino acid to its cognate tRNA molecule
What is aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase
The difference between catabolism and anabolism
What is catabolism breaks down ordered structures into smaller building blocks generating energy and anabolism uses energy to build ordered structures from small building blocks.
Supercoil (or coiled coil) domains are commonly found in these types of proteins
What are scaffold proteins, actin, and other structural proteins
This part serves as a latch at a specific site in another molecule domain, holding the protein in a “shut” conformation.
What is Switch Helix
A name for a protein complex that forms at a centromere and allows for sister chromatids to be separated at the time of mitosis
What is a kinetochore
Mechanisms to repair double stranded breaks
What is non-homologous end joining, and homologous recombination
This enzyme is used to transcribe all protein-coding genes in Eukaryotes
What is RNA polymerase II
This three letter code always starts an amino acid sequence and codes for what specific amino acid?
What is AUG and methionine
Explain what Brownian Motion is and what process it drives.
What is the random thermal motions of molecules colliding into each other that drives diffusion
Protein domain formation may be sterically hindered based on the location of these two protein components
What are the N and C termini
Explain the process of how lysozyme catalyzes using
(E-enzyme, S-substrate, P-product)
What is E binds to S to create ES complex. E then cleaves covalent bond on S to form EP complex. EP complex will dissociate and then P gets released.
What is AA, TT, and TA . These are preferred at the minor groove of DNA to helix binding
Three proof reading mechanisms of fidelity
Site where snRNA and snoRNA undergo maturation
What are cajal bodies
The site in which the initiator tRNA binds to start translation