Electrons, orbitals, shells
shells are made up of
multiple orbitals
e- are found in ...?
SHELLS
purpose of chemical bonding...?
atoms with incomplete valence shells interact with other atoms to complete valence shells
the more electronegative an atom is, the more it
pulls shared e- towards itself
big differences in electronegativity can lead to one atom...?
“stealing” an e- from another
S = sphere
P = dumbell 8 shape
shells are made of...?
ORBITALS
covalent bonds role ...? weak or strong?
– when e- are shared
- the strongest bonds
- these bonds form molecules
- atoms merge orbitals
electronegativity due to what? proton, electrons or neutrons in nucleus?
PROTONS - pos. charge of nucleus b/c of protons attracts neg. charged e
Negative vs positive ions characteristics:
§ negative ion (anion) = extra e-
§ positive ion (cation) = lost e-
1st and 2 shell --
- how many electrons in first shell.
- how many electrons in second shell.
first - 2 e-
second - 8 e-
VALENCE SHELL (aka outermost shell) is ...?
most stable when full
ionic bonds are when...? are they weak or strong?
e- are transferred from one atom to another - considered weak bonds
Partial charges are b/c ...?
differences in electronegativity between atoms leads to partial charges forming around a molecule
ionic bond is when..? are e- shared?
e- transferred from one atom to another, negative and positive ions are attracted to each other; no e- shared. e.g. NaCl
1st and second shell:
how many and what type of orbital in 1st shell
how many and what type of orbital in 2nd shell
1st shell - 1 s orbital
2nd shell - made of 4 orbitals, 1 s and 3 p
CHEMICAL BONDS form when
atoms combine to fill valence shells
- single bond vs double bond : how many e- in the bonding for single bond and how many e- in bonding for double bond?
one pair - 2 e-; two pairs, 4 e-
non-polar covalent bonds are when e-...? an example?
e- shared equally between 2 atoms; e.g. H2
ions two part process?
-part 1: e- are “stolen” from one atom by another atom + and - ions formed
- part 2: bond is formed due to the attraction between ions
orbital configuration determines....? which determines ....?
the shape of molecules, which then determines the behavior of molecules
e.g. Fluorine has 9 electrons, how many single covalent bonds can be formed with Hydrogen? (hint: simple math to figure this out and apply the 2 e- and 8 e- rule!!!)
One
CO2 has what type of bonding..?
double bonding
polar covalent bonds are when..? an example?
– e- shared unequally between 2 atoms; H2O
What is the strongest type of bonding?
COVALENT BONDING