Hypo/Hyper
Signs and symptoms of hyponatremia
What is SALT LOSS:
S-Stupor/Coma, A - Anorexia (N/V), L - Lethargy, T - Tachycardia
L - Limp muscles (weak), O - Orthostatic Hypotension, S - Seizures, S - Stomach cramping
Sodium
135-145 meq/L
Major intracellular cation
Potassium
Interventions you would implement for a patient with fluid volume excess
Monitor daily weight (weight loss indicates successful intervention)
Administer diuretics and O2 as ordered
Fluid and sodium (Na) restrictions
Monitor I & O
24 hour urine
A potential cause of cardiac arrest.
What is
Rapid K bolus/repletion
Hyperkalemia
What are the signs/symptoms of hypomagnesemia?
Same as hypocalcemia: Positive Trousseau's sign and Chvostek's sign, increased and irregular heart rate, mental status changes, diarrhea and abdominal cramping, hyperactive deep tendon reflexes
Potassium
3.5 - 5.0 meq/L
Maintains blood volume, fluid balance, and major electrolyte in ECF
Interventions you would implement for a patient with deficient fluid volume
Monitor daily weight (most accurate way to evaluate fluid balance)
Monitor I & O
Increase fluid intake (PO and IV if severe)
Treat underlying cause
What clients are at highest risk for fluid volume defecit?
Infants/elderly
Signs and symptoms of hypocalcemia
What is CATS:
C - convulsions, A - arrythmias, T - tetany (Trousseua's), S - Spasms (Chvostek's), stridor
Calcium
8-10.5 mg/dl
The role of calcium in the body
Formation and function of bones and teeth, necessary for blood coagulation
Signs/symptoms you would expect to see in a patient with fluid volume excess
Bounding pulse, increased BP, weight gain, increased and dilute urine output , increased and shallow respirations. May see neck vein distention, pitting edema of lower extremities, crackles in the lungs.
What are food sources of potassium?
Potatoes, sweet potatoes, soybeans, bananas, tomato juice, dried apricots, kidney beans, orange juice, spinach, avocado
Signs/symptoms of hypercalcemia
What is BACK ME
B- bone pain, A - arrhythmias, C - cardiac arrest, K - kidney stones
M - Muscle weakness, E - excessive urination
other: pallor, HTN, disorientation, constipation
Magnesium
1.5-2.5 mEq/dl
Things that put a patient at risk for developing hyponatremia
What is AIDS
A - adrenal insufficiency, I - Intoxication (water), D - Dehydration, diuretic use, S - SIADH
other: GI loss (sweating, diarrhea, vomiting), kidney disease, HF
What vital sign changes and signs/symptoms you would expect to see in a patient with dehydration
Hypotension, tachycardia, increased temperature, decreased urine output (oliguria), skin tenting, dry skin and mucous membranes.
Sudden weight gain, tachycarcdia, distended jugular vein, edema, and crackles are signs of this.
Hypervolemia
What imbalance is associated with low phosphate?
HYPERCALCEMIA
Phosphorus
2.8-4.5mg/dl
Knowing this is important for choosing the appropriate treatment of electrolyte imbalances.
What is underlying cause?
What are some of the causes for edema?
KIDNEY FAILURE, HEART FAILURE, LIVER FAILURE, AND HORMONAL DISORDERS.
Fluid excretion is achieved through which organ?
Kidney