Learning Outcomes
#1-3
#1-3
Gluconeogenesis is classified as an anabolic pathway because it consumes ATP to produce glucose. What is the name of the main pathway discussed in class used to produce ATP from glucose, and what type of pathway is it classified as?(LO1)
“What are” Glycolysis and catabolic pathway
CO2 , CH2O2 , CH2O , CH4 , and CH4O
Which carbon compound out of the ones listed above is the most reduced?
Methane is the most reduced.
What is the purpose of the thioester intermediate in the oxidation-reduction reaction of glycolysis? (LO8)
To couple the oxidation and phosphorylation reactions, reducing the activation energy required for the transition to the product.
In normal tissue, glucose makes this compound in large amounts. Under conditions where oxygen is present, it is largely converted to carbon dioxide. In oxygen-lacking conditions, this compound is converted only to lactate. (LO 11)
What is pyruvate?
Identify which NAD^+ or FADH2 is being oxidized and which is reduced in the reactions below: (LO3)
NAD++ Pi -> NADH + H
2. FADH2 -> FAD+2H
Reduced: NAD+; Oxidized: FADH2
Why does ATP hydrolysis have such a negative ΔG? (LO5)
ATP has three phosphate groups, making it very unstable and giving it a high phosphoryl transfer potential. ATP hydrolysis alleviates some of the electrostatic repulsions, which gives up some energy in the process.
In the first step of glycolysis, the following two reactions are coupled together: ATP hydrolysis and the phosphorylation of glucose. Which reaction is energetically favorable, driving the less favorable reaction and why? (LO7)
ATP hydrolysis; energy is released as the phosphate group is transferred from the ATP to glucose, producing glucose-6-phosphate.
Cancerous cells are characterized by the Warburg effect, in which glucose is converted to pyruvate. Then, regardless of oxygen conditions, this percent of pyruvate is converted to lactate which drives the formation of only this many net ATP molecules. (LO 11)
85% of pyruvate; 4 ATP
What are the two primary components of redox reactions, and what is the main role that redox reactions serve in metabolism? (LO2)
Components: reducing agent and oxidizing agent
Primary role: they provide an energy source.
The reaction catalyzed by malate dehydrogenase C4H6O5 (L-Malate) → C4H4O5 (Oxaloacetate) also converts NAD+ to NADH.
State whether or not the reaction above is a redox reaction. Which molecules are being reduced and which are being oxidized? (LO6)
Yes, this is a redox reaction. NAD+ is being reduced and L-Malate is being oxidized.
Why are 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate (1,3-BPG) and phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) substrates for substrate-level phosphorylation? (LO9)
They have a higher phosphoryl transfer potential than ATP.
________ _________ are a radioactive simple sugar which are injected into a fasted patient and give off gamma rays, which can be picked up by a PET scan and translated into functional images by computer software. They can be used to find cancer due to their similar structure to glucose and the Warburg effect of cancerous cells. (LO 10)
What are FDG molecules?