Stakeholder & Hedonistic Calculus
______is a way to manage complex moral relationships (current and potential) between corporation’s strategic activities and those who affect or who are affected by the actions.
Stakeholder Approach
Pleasure is the ultimate good and pain the only evil.
Classic utilitarianism
The three points of views of zone of sustainable activity are _______.
economic, legal, and moral.
_________ argues that we do things based on rationality rather than consequences.
Immanuel Kant
A character trait that manifests itself in habitual action.
Virtue
Gives guidance as to what to do in a conflict.
How do we determine utility identified with pleasure and absence of pain?
Hedonism
The levels of decision making are ___________.
Individual level
Organizational level
Business system level
_______ is what gives people a greater moral value.
Rationality
The virtues of a good business person are the same as those of ______.
A good person.
How do we know what action to take?
Integrity and accountability.
The thinkers who promulgated utilitarianism
John Stuart Mill & Jeremy Bentham
A sociological phenomenon which describes societal rules and standards of conduct.
Morality
Act only according to that maxim by which you can at the same time will that is should become a universal law.
Categorical Imperative
Virtues in nature are ______.
acquired, practiced, and admired.
What are the characteristics of a dilemma?
You have good arguments for either choice.
You may not have enough time to research the choices thoroughly.
You feel neither choice is perfect.
Your control of other people and the outcome is limited.
The concept most in conflict with utilitarianism _______.
Rights
Would you choose a solution not falling in the zone of sustainable activity?
No
Kinds of rights
Legal and moral rights
Specific and general rights
Negative and positive rights
Defending a list of virtues requires that we __________.
determine character traits that are essential to a good life.
determine what is the good life.
The seven aspects of an action's consequences that can be used to compare the results of different deeds.
Intensity of feelings produced
Duration of feelings
Certainty of this consequence from action
Remoteness: how soon the feeling will be felt
Future pleasure: whether the feeling will lead to future pleasure
Future pains: whether they will lead to future pain
Extent: Number of people affected
Weaknesses of Utilitarianism
Pleasure is too low to constitute the good for human beings
Pig philosophy
Comparative measurement
Some benefits and costs seem intractable to measurement
Assumption that all goods can be traded for an equivalent because there must be some scale to measure which quantity of one good is equivalent to which quantity of another good
“If you want to move people, it has to be toward a vision that is positive for them, that taps values important to them, that gets them something they desire, and that is presented in a compelling way that they feel inspired to follow."
Martin Luther King
________ helps us solve the hard and complex problems in life.
Ethical theory
______ assumes that we can all achieve happiness through a life of virtue.
Aristotle