forgetting
The information is not attended to and fails to be encoded.
encoding failure
holding onto information for periods of time
storage
declarative memory containing general knowledge.
semantic memory
When new learning disrupts the recall of previously-learned information.
retroactive interference
what is the persistence of learning over time; involves encoding, storage, and retrieval of information.
memory
gradual erosion of a memory, most common cause of short term memory loss
decay
Assumes the processing of information for memory is similar to the way a computer handles information, through three different stages (or systems)
Information-processing model
clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event
flashbulb memory
information at beginning and end of a body of information more accurately remembered than information in middle
Serial position effect
memories formed during a particular physiological or psychological state will be easier to recall while in a similar state
State-dependent learning
when trauma is too severe to be stored in conscious memory
repressed memory
assumes that information that is more “deeply processed” will be remembered more efficiently and for a longer period of time
Levels-of-processing model
long-term memory for the skills involved in particular tasks; it is demonstrated by skilled performance and is often separate from the ability to verbalize this knowledge
procedural memory
The disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information.
proactive interference
memory that is not easily brought into conscious awareness
implicit memory
an explanation for forgetting from long-term memory
retrieval failure
getting information in storage into a form that can be used
retrieval
declarative memory containing personal information not readily available to others
episodic
type of retrieval; The ability to match a piece of information or a stimulus to a stored image or fact.
recognition
bits of information are combined into meaningful units, or chunks, so that more information can be held in STM
chunking
a graph showing a distinct pattern in which forgetting is very fast within first hour after learning a list and then tapers off gradually
Ebbinghaus’s Forgetting Curve
set of mental operations that people perform on sensory information to convert that information into a form usable in the brain’s storage systems
encoding
an active system that processes the information in short term memory.
working memory
loss of memory from the point of injury or trauma forward, or the inability to form new long-term memories
Anterograde amnesia
tendency to remember information at end of a body of information better than the information ahead of it
Recency effect