Physics
She was the first woman to win a Nobel Prize, as well as the first person to win a Nobel Prize in 2 different categories.
Who is Marie Curie?
Wendy Freedman led the project that nailed down the value of this man's constant, which, along with distance, helps find the velocity of galaxies
Who is Edwin Hubble?
This NASA research mathematician confirmed the trajectories of Alan Shepard and John Glenn, and is one of the three famous figures highlighted in the movie "Hidden Figures".
Who is Katherine Johnson?
This chemist's work and photographs led to a Nobel Prize being awarded to James Watson, Francis Crick, and Maurice Wilkins
Who is Rosalind Franklin?
She was the fourth woman to win the Nobel Prize in Physics (out of 222 total laureates)
Who is Andrea Ghez?
American astronomer and suffragist Annie Jump Cannon was the first to attempt to create a stellar classification, and created what mnemonic?
What is "Oh! Be A Fine Girl - Kiss Me!"?
This German mathematician created two fundamental theorems in mathematical physics, which describe the connection between symmetry and conservation laws
Who is Emmy Noether?
Although often attributed to John Tyndall, scientist and women's rights activist Eunice Foot was the first to theorize and demonstrate which climate phenomenon?
What is greenhouse effect?
Dr. Chien-Shiung Wu, the "First Lady of nuclear research", was the only Chinese American to work on this famous project
What is the Manhattan Project?
She was the first American woman to go to space.
Who is Sally Ride?
Dr. Gladys West, a Black American mathematician born in 1930, was responsible for the mathematics behind this complex computer we use everyday.
What is the GPS?
This woman is one of only eight women to win the Nobel Prize for Chemistry, and is the daughter of another female Nobel laureate. (Last name is an accepted answer)
Who is Irène Joliot-Curie?
Hertha Ayrton, born in 1854, was a British suffragist and physicist, and is considered the first woman in this engineering field.
What is electrical engineering? (do not yell at me for putting engineering as an answer to the physics column)
Cecilia Payne-Gaposchkin was the first to propose this characteristic of the sun in her 1925 doctoral thesis, which astronomer Otto Struve described as "the most brilliant PhD thesis ever written in astronomy".
What is being composed of primarily Hydrogen and Helium?
Iranian mathematician Maryam Mirzakhani was the first woman to win the Fields Medal, often considered the "Nobel Prize of mathematics", in this year.
What is 2014?
In 1964, Dorothy Hodgkin was the third woman to win the Nobel Prize in Chemistry, after confirming the structure of this antibiotic
What is penicillin?
Austrian physicist Lise Meitner and her nephew & research assistant discovered this atomic reaction, despite not being credited for the ensuing Nobel Prize.
What is nuclear fission?
Antonia Maury was the first to detect a binary star system with this technique - although John Herschel stated in a letter "convey to Miss Maury my congratulations on having connected her name with one of the most notable advances in physical astronomy ever made", her discovery was not publicly linked to her for 40 years.
What is spectroscopy?
As a young woman in the late 1700s-early 1800s, French mathematician and physicist Sophie Germain exchanged letters with these three famous physicists of the day, under the pseudonym "Monsieur Le Blanc" (Any one of the three names will earn the point)
This scientific method, although still male-dominated, was often perceived as "women's work" - this led to women being some of the pioneers of the field (including two of the women already mentioned in this category).
What is x-ray crystallography?