Chapter 1
Chapter 2
Chapter 3
Chapter 4
Chapter 5
100

What are the four ways of obtaining knowledge 

  • Intuition; guts, emotions, and instinct

  • Authority; accept ideas from authority figures

  • Rationalism; using logic and reasoning

  • Empiricism; observation and experience

100

What is the difference between a bar graph and a histogram?

Bar graph: A representation of a frequency distribution, where vertical bars are centered above each category along the x-axis and are separated from each other by a space, indicating that the levels of the variable represent distinct, unrelated categories 


Histogram: 

A graphical representation of a frequency distribution, in which vertical bars centered above scores on the x-axis touch each other to indicate that the scores on the variable represent related, increasing values

100

Describe what a positive and negative skewed distribution looks like

Positively Skewed Distribution: Highest point of curve is towards the left


Negatively Skewed Distribution: Highest point of curve is towards the right


100

What is a Z score?

the number of standard deviations an individual score is from the mean

100

What is partial correlation? 

A technique used to determine the effects of a third variable by removing the effect of the third variable from the correlation of the remaining two variables

200

Identify and compare descriptive methods

  • Naturalistic Observation; Observing humans or other animals in their natural habitat

  • Observational/Laboratory Method; Making observations of humans/animals behavior

  • Case Study Method; An in depth study of one or more individuals

  • Survey Method; Questioning individuals on a topic and then describing their responses

200

What is the difference between a qualitative and a quantitative variable?

Qualitative variable: A categorical variable for which each value represents a discrete category 

Quantitaive variable: A variable for which the scores represent a change in quantity

200

What is the difference between Mesokurtic, Platykurtic, Leptokurtic? 

Mesokurtic: Normal curves that have peaks of medium height and distributions that are moderate in breadth 


Platykurtic: Normal curves that are short and more dispersed (broader)


Leptokurtic: Normal curves that are tall and thin, with only a few scores in the middle of the distribution having a high frequency.


200

Describe what a percentile rank is

A score that indicates the percentage of people who scored at or below a given raw score

200

Whats the difference between Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient (Pearson’s r), point-biserial correlation coefficient, phi coefficient and Spearman’s rank-order correlation coefficient?


Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient (Pearson’s r): The most commonly used correlation coefficient when both variables are measured on an interval or ratio scale

point-biserial correlation coefficient:The correlation coefficient used when one of the variables is measured on a constant nominal scale and the other is measured on an interval or ratio scale


phi coefficient: The correlation coefficient used when both measured variables are constant and nominal.


Spearman’s rank-order correlation coefficient: The correlation coefficient used when both of the variables are measured on an ordinal (ranking) scale



300

What makes science scientific?

  • Systematic Empiricism; an observation of relationships that is carefully structured, so you can learn about cause and effect relations between variables.

  • Empiricism is the process of making an observation about experiences.

  1. Design project that answers a research question

  2. Collect data (numbers or information)

  3. Anaylze the data

  4. Interpret the data (in relation to question)

  5. Share the results

300

David Day has 8 red balls, 3 green balls, 6 yellow balls, 3 orange balls, 13 black balls and 15 blue balls in his bag. 

Find the Mean, Median, Mode & Range  

Mean = 8

Median = 7

Mode = 3

Range = 12

300

Find the interquartile range of the following data.

10 5 6 8 4 3 4

Q1: 4

Median: 5

Q3: 8

300

what are the unique properties of the normal curve? 

Symmetrical, bell-shaped frequency polygon,  normal distribution  mean = median = mode

300

What are the assumptions of correlational analysis? 

  1. Correlation focuses on  linear relationships only

  2. Correlation do not work well if  the data range is "restricted"

  3. Variability should be consistent  at all values of x

  4. Data are continuous

400

Name & Define All Of The Scales of Measurement 

Nominal scale

  • A scale in which objects or individuals are broken into categories that have no numerical properties; Name-type data

  • Categorical data; ethnicity, gender, political affiliation


Interval scale

  • A scale in which the units of measurement (intervals) between the numbers on the scale are all equal in size

  • Number based with interpretable and consistent distance between values

  • For example, the Fahrenheit temperature scale is an interval scale of measurement


Ordinal scale

  • A scale in which objects or individuals are categorized and the categories form a rank order along a continuum; Rankings

  • Ordinal data are often referred to as ranked data because the data are ordered from highest to lowest, or biggest to smallest. For example, reporting how students did on an exam based simply on their rank (highest score, second highest, and so on) would be an ordinal scale


Ratio scale

  • A scale in which, in addition to order and equal units of measurement, there is an absolute zero that indicates an absence of the variable being measured

  • Like interval, but zero has a true meaning

  • Examples of ratio scales of measurement include weight, time, and height

400

What is a frequency polygon? 

A line graph of the frequencies of individual scores

400

Differentiate between measures of variation

  • Range: A measure of variation; the difference between the lowest and the highest scores in a distribution

  • Interquartile range: the spread of the central  50% of a sample (used with a median) further breaks down bottom half and top half; value between median and lowest and median and highest

  • Standard deviation: A measure of how spread out numbers are in a set of values; average difference between the scores and mean of the distribution

400

What is standardization?

The process of putting different variables on the same scale to compare them. to standardize variables, you calculate the mean and standard deviation

400

Describe the difference between strong, moderate, and weak correlation coefficients.

  • Strong: + .70 - 1.00

  • Moderate: + .30 - .69

  • Weak: + 00 - .29

500

Explain the four properties of measurement and how they are related to the four scales of measurement

  • Identify; Objects that are different receive different scores

  • E.g, If participants in a study had different political affiliations, they would receive different scores

  • Magnitude (ordinality; When the ordering of the numbers reflects the ordering of the  variables; numbers are assigned in order so that some numbers represent more or less of the variable being measured than others

  • Equal Unit Size ; When a difference of 1 is the same amount throughout the entire scale

  • E.g, The difference between people who are 64 inches tall and 65 inches tall is the same as the difference between people who are 72 inches tall and 73 inches tall

  • Absolute Zero; A property of measurement in which assigning a score of 0 indicates an absence of the variable being measured

  • E.g, Time spent studying would have the property of absolute zero because a score of 0 on this measure would mean an individual spent no time studying. However, a score of 0 is not always equal to the property of absolute zero

500

How can you identify a misleading graph? 

  • Dates out of order

  • No y axis

  • Missing axis labels

  • Make sure y axis starts at 0

500

How do you compute the range of a central percentage 

x̄ ± s represents the central 65% of people’s scores on something


x̄ ± 2(s) represents the central 95% of people’s scores on something


x̄ ± 3(s) represents the central 99% of people’s scores on something

500

A patient recently diagnosed with Alzheimer’s disease takes a cognitive abilities test and scores a 45.  The mean on this test is 52 and the standard deviation is 5.  What is the patient’s percentile rank? 

8.1%

500

Compute and interpret the correlation

X                                Y

2                                9

1                               10

3                                6

0                                8

4                                2

- 0.80