Measuring Crime
A primary measure of crime in the US; collected by the DOJ and Census Bureau, based on interviews with victims of crime
What is the National Crime Victimization Survey?
This model assumes that a criminal acts rationally, and assesses the consequences and benefits of crime
What is Classical School?
Studies that take certain measures over two or more periods
What are Longitudinal Studies?
The belief that certain characteristics or behaviors of a person are throwbacks to an earlier stage of evolutionary development
What is Atavism?
A quantified measure of intelligence
What is IQ?
What is the National Prisoner Statistics Program?
The main distinction of Classical theories
What is (any variation on "emphasis on individual decision-making")?
Collections of studies, generally on a particular topic; revealed a new interest in deterrent aspects of criminal behavior & importance of certainty/severity of punishment
What is Aggregate Studies?
According to somatotyping, the type of temperament or personality associated with an ectomorphic (thin) body type; these people tend to be introverted and shy
What is Cerebrotonic?
There are seven essential features of this theoretical perspective focusing on attachment: specificity, duration, engagement of emotion, course of development, learning, organization, and biological function
What is Attachment Theory?
What is Monitoring the Future?
This theory proposes that individuals make rational choices regarding their behavior; crime requires assessment of costs and benefits of crime
What is Deterrence Theory?
Emphasizes the need for police to crack down on minor offenses to reduce major crimes; shares many assumptions with rational choice and routine activities theories.
What is "Broken Windows" Theory?
A 19th-century field of study that emphasized the belief that the size of the brain or skull reflected superiority or inferiority, with larger brains and skulls being considered superior
What is Craniometry?
This theory includes concepts such as id, ego, and superego; deals with unconscious motives for criminality
Part of Uniform Crime Reports. These data provide more detailed information on the incident (e.g., regarding the offender and the victim)
What are Supplementary Homicide Reports?
The father of Classical Criminology
Who is Cesare Beccaria?
often thought of as an on duty police officer or security guard; many forms of this, including a dog, house alarm, or presence of an adult, parent, neighbor, teacher, etc.
The assumption that human behavior is caused by factors outside of free will and rational decision-making
What is Determinism?
When a person attempts to strike a balance between individual rights and societal rules
What is Postconventional Level of Morality?
Annual FBI reports meant to estimate most of the major street crimes in the United States
What are Uniform Crime Reports?
This theory takes into account the Classical School's teachings but stresses the importance of the context of a crime when determining punishment
What is the Neoclassical Perspective?
Certain individuals who tend to be motivated and leave it at that
The medical term for the outer layer of tissue in our bodies, including skin, capillaries, and much of the nervous system sensors
What is Ectoderm?
This theory focuses on fear, and how it relates to the propensity to commit crimes
What is Low-Fear-Quotient Theory?