Phonetics, phonology and prosodics
What is a basic unit of sound called?
What is a noun?
A noun is a word that names a thing or concept.
What is 'morphology'?
Morphology is the study of word formation.
Define 'pragmatics'.
'Pragmatics' is the study of meaning behind the words, dependent on their context.
Give me an example of a discourse marker.
'Ok, so...', 'As I was saying', etc.
What do we mean by 'place of articulation'?
A place of articulation is the position in the mouth where a consonant is produced.
What is a determiner?
A determiner is a word that adds detail or clairty to a noun (e.g., 'a', 'an', 'the').
What is 'syntax'?
Syntax is the study of how words form larger structures such as phrases, clauses and sentences.
What is an 'exophoric reference'?
An exophoric reference is a reference to something, often cultural, beyond the text.
Give me an example of a paralinguistic feature.
body language, facial expressions, etc.
What is prosodics?
Prosodics is the study of how speakers can shape meanings through emphasising certain aspects of intonation, speed and volume.
What is a collocation?
A collocation is a typical or common combination of words (e.g., 'a quick shower' vs 'a fast shower').
If someone is taking an approach to language study that focuses on how language is actually used (as opposed to the focusing on the rules and notions of correctness), they are taking a ______ approach to language study.
descriptive
What is 'intertextuality'?
Intertextuality is a subtle reference to another text can create a sense of imagined closeness between writer/producer and reader/recipient.
What are 'hesitation indicators'?
Hesitation indicators are just what they sound like - they indicate hesitation. This can be in the form of fillers, hedges, latch-ons, overlaps, false starts, etc.
Give me an example of non-lexical onomatopoeia.
Brrrrrmmm, vrrrrooooom...etc
Define 'fixed expression'.
A fixed expression is a well-used group of words that becomes accepted and used as one long structure (e.g., 'To whom it may concern').
What is the inflectional function of '-er'?
It makes an adjective into a comparative adjective.
What are Grice's maxims?
Grice's maxims are unwritten rules that govern conversation to make it successful: quantity, quality, relation, manner.
Tag questions are questions tagged on at the end of a statement (e.g., It's cold, isn't it?).
Provide an example of a diphthong.
'ai' in 'aisle', 'ei' in 'freight', etc.
'Scarlet' is a ________ of 'red'.
hyponym
'So much more than before' is an example of an ________________ sentence.
orthographic
What is 'phatic communication'?
Phatic communication is speech designed to maintain social relationships and which does not carry any significant meaning; often used to start a conversation.
What is the difference between an anaphoric reference, a cataphoric reference and an exophoric reference?
Anaphoric reference - making reference back to something previously identified in a text (often using pronouns to refer to an already established reference point e.g. "The woman stood by the door. She made detailed notes of what she could see").
Cataphoric reference - making reference forwards to something as yet unidentified in a text. E.g. "It was warm. It was living. It was a rabbit."
Exophoric reference - making reference to things beyond the language of a text itself (as opposed to endophoric, which is within the language of the text), perhaps within a speaker's immediate physical context e.g. "Look at that".