Genomics
The term to refer to all of the proteins produced by an organism is what?
Proteome
Natural selection
What does a node on a phylogenetic tree represent?
A point at which lineages diverged.
What is the process of turning mRNA into proteins? Where in the cell does this occur in eukaryotes?
Translation
Occurs in cytosol, on ribosomes
how much net ATP is made throughout the process of cellular respiration (assume the presence of oxygen)?
32
A gene is present in the S strain of E. coli, but not in the R strain. This gene is present in which type of genome?
Pan genome
What are Coyne's six components of evolutionary theory?
Evolution, Gradualism, Speciation, Common Ancestry, Natural Selection, Nonselective Mechanisms
What is a homologous feature?
Shared by two or more species, inherited from common ancestor
Sister chromatids are separated in what phase of meiosis?
Anaphase II
A cell diffuses a signal to a nearby cell. What type of signaling is this called?
Paracrine signalling
What components are necessary for a Sander sequencing reaction?
-DNA Polymerase
- short primer
- 2' dNTPs
- 2',3', ddNTPs
-template DNA
What type of selection does not change the mean, but reduces variation? What is an example of it?
Stabilizing selection, ex: human birth weight
What is the level of taxonomic classification directly greater than an order?
Class
9:3:3:1
What type of genetic variation is a repetitive sequence occurring side by side on chromosomes, usually in noncoding regions?
Short tandem repeats (STRs)
If Hardy Weinberg conditions hold, how do you find the genotype frequencies of the next generation of a population with alleles A and a?
AA = p^2
Aa = 2pq
aa = q^2
In a diploid population of size N with neutral mutation rate µ per gamete per gen at a locus, what is the rate of fixation? How do you get this and what does it mean?
µ
Termination of DNA replication is characterized by what?
Last primer is removed from lagging strand, no DNA synthesis occurs at 3' end. Telomerase places telomeres at the end.
What are the components of a phospholipid?
Phosphate head group, hydrophilic head, glycerol, two fatty acid chains
You are comparing the genome of two individuals, both of which are homozygotes, via gel electrophoresis. One has an RFLP which causes it to not be cut properly. How would you expect the band(s) of these two to look? Draw an answer.
With no RFLP: cuts into two different length bands
With RFLP: has only one band.
What is positive directional selection?
-increase frequency of an allele than increases individual fitness. Rate of increase depends on fitness of heterozygote.
One allele becomes fixed.
Bird and bat wings are an example of convergent evolution, which is what?
Independently evolved traits subjected to similar selection pressures, may be superficially similar
The initial mRNA start codon attached to the charged tRNA at which site in the ribosome?
P site
A cell with a solute concentration of 30 mM is put in a container with a solute concentration of 50 mM. Compared to the container, the cell is _____? Where will the water flow? How will this change the cell?
Hypotonic, water will flow outwards. Cell will shrink