Electrolyte Lab Values
136-145 mEq/L
no change to cell
What happens to a cell in an isotonic solution?
7.35 - 7.45
a measure of the number of particles per kilogram of water
What is the Osmolality of a fluid?
the skin, lungs, GI tract, and kidneys
What are the four organs where fluid output normally occurs?
Potassium Lab Values (K+)
3.5 - 5.0 mEq/L
The cell swells up
What happens to a cell in a hypOtonic solution?
45 - 35
A fluid with the same tonicity as normal blood
What is an isotonic solution?
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH), Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS), and Atrial natriuretic peptides (ANPs)
What processes regulates fluid output?
Chloride Lab Values (Cl-)
98 - 105 mEq/L
The cell shrinks
What happens to cells in hypertonic solutions?
Influences the excitability of nerve and muscle cells necessary for muscle contraction.
What is the function of Calcium (Ca2+)?
A solution that is more dilute than the blood
What is a hypotonic solution?
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH), Aldosterone, Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)
What major hormones that influence renal fluid excretion?
Calcium Lab Values (Ca2+)
9.0 - 10.5 mg/dL
2300 mL
Influences function of neuromuscular junctions; is a cofactor for numerous enzymes.
What is the function of magnesium (Mg2+)?
A solution that is more concentrated than normal blood
What is a Hypertonic solution?
What are factors that increase ADH levels?
Magnesium Lab Values (Mg2+)
1.3 - 2.1 mEq/L
hypothalamus
What part of the brain controls the thirst-control mechanism?
Necessary for production of ATP, the energy source for cellular metabolism
What is the function of phosphate?
strongest at the arterial end of a normal capillary, weaker at the venous end. Fluid moves from the capillary into the interstitial area, bringing nutrients to the cells.
What is Capillary hydrostatic pressure?
body fluids become dilute
What happens when ADH levels decrease?
Phosphate Lab Values
3.0-4.5 mg/dL
Low serum calcium concentration in the blood. Affects people who have acute pancreatitis because calcium binds to undigested fat in their feces, decreasing absorption. S/S: Causes numbness and tingling of fingers, toes, and mouth. Positive Chovestek sign, hyperactive reflexes, muscle twitching, and cramping.
What are s/s of Hypocalcemia?
Causes renal cells to resorb water, taking water from the renal tubular fluid and putting it back in the blood decreasing urine volume, and concentrating the urine while diluting the blood by adding water to it.
What is the function of antidiuretic hormone?
regulates Extracellular fluid volume by influencing how much sodium and water are excreted in urine. Contributes to regulation of blood pressure.
What is the function of the RAAS?
Bicarbonate (HCO3-)
21 - 28 mEq/L
Maintains resting membrane potential of skeletal, smooth and cardiac muscle allowing normal muscle function.
Regulates extracellular fluid volume by influencing how much sodium and water are excreted in the urine. Cells in the atria of the heart release ANP when they are stretched d/t increased ECV. A weak hormone that increases the loss of sodium and water in the urine. Opposes aldosterone.
Stimulated by angiotensin II, aldosterone circulates the kidneys where it causes resorption of sodium and water in isotonic proportion in the distal renal tubules. Contributes to electrolyte and acid-base balance by increased urinary excretion of potassium and hydrogen ions.
What is the function of the aldosterone hormone?