you got this
si se puede
echale ganas
this is a breeze
easy peezy
100

what is a theory ?

A set of organized ideas, concepts and their relationships or principles used to describe systematically a set of phenomena or to provide an explanation of a phenomena 

100

belief based explanations 

come from a trusted source or consistent with a large system of belief 


no evidence required to support explanation common sense 

100

what is a hypothesis ?

A proposed explanation made on the basis of limited evidence as a starting point for further investigation 

should be testable 

should link 2 variables with a statement indicating the expected relationship between them 

100

name three method types 

method of authority 

rational method 

scientific method 


100

method of authority 

involves consulting sources that consider to be authoritative on son issue in Q's

professor 

supervisor 

church 

200

applied research example 

reduce stuttering behaviors 

improve agriculture crop 

improve energy efficiency of homes offices or mode of transportation 

200

scientific method 

imperial in nature (proven by evidence based on observation)


200

types of quantitative research 

1. experiments 

2. quasi-experiments 

3. non experimental quant design 

      correlations 

      surveys 

      scales 

      meta analysis 

200

Roles of theory in science 

1. represent a particular way to understand a phenomenon 

2.They can provide a way to predict the behavior of a system 

3. Theories often provide ideas for new research 

200

common sense 

based on available info from the observed info from the observed event and what our previous experience has told us is true: informal observation 

may feel right but lack power to apply across a variety of similar situations 

300

Inductive reasoning 

Starts with observation of particular instances of an event arrive at general conclusions regarding the nature and causation of the event 

bottom-up

300

Qualitative research 

interviews 

conversational analysis 

case studies 

grounded theory 

ethnography/ field work 

300

good scientific theories 

Great scientific theories are testable 

   every genuine test of a theory I an attempt to         refute it 

Good theories stand the test of time 

    withstand continuous attempts to falsify or refute   them 

300

rational method 

arrive at truth using pure reasoning 

begins with skepticism 

anytime you use logic to deduce conclusion 

300

deductive reasoning 

used to test a theory 

starts with rules or logical premises assumed to be valid 

top-bottom 

400

basic research examples 

how did universe begin 

how do slime molds reproduce 

what is the specific genetic code of first fly 

400

Scientific Explanations

1. based on evidence of the senses empirical based 

2. rational (follow rules of logic and are consistent with known facts )

3. testable 

4. as simple as possible 

5. are general 

400

basic research 

investigate issues relevant of theoretical positions 

driven by scientific curiosity or interest in scientific question 

motivation to expand on mans knowledge 

400

4 components of scientific method 

1.Observing a phenomenon 

2.formulating tentative explanation 

3.Further observing and experimentation 

4. Refining and retesting explanation 

400

why qualitative approaches have a history of being marginalized?

not trusted not trusted initially because didn't involve hypothesis testing they were marginalized as data collection techniques 

500

applied reaserch 

design to solve practical problems of modern world rather than to acquire knowledge 

goal to improve human condition 


500

purposes of research 

1. bureaucratic reasoning 

2. curiosity 

3. solve practical problems 

4. to demonstrate certain effects

5. explain events 

500

steps of research 

1. develop research idea or hypothesis 

2. choose research design 

3. choose subjects 

4. decide on what to observe and appropriate measures 

5. conduct your study 

6. analyze results 

7. report results 

8. start process over again 

500

quantitative characteristics 

research per perspective important 

value free 

measure objective behavior 

objective conclusion 

structure data 

experimental protocol fixed 

focuses on variable 

reliability key 

data source laboratory situation 

many cases big sample 

500

Qualitative Characteristics 

particular perspective important 

values present 

construct social meaning 

subjective conclusions 

unstructured data 

research protocol fluid 

authenticity key ( real world situation (data)) 

small # of participants 

thematic analysis