Wk1
Two types of photoreceptors found in the retina
What are cones and rods
The cranial nerve most likely affected by cerebellar enlargement
CN IV
The two main arteries supplying the brain (80% vs 20%)
Internal carotids and Vertebral arteries
A woman develops winging of the scapula following a mastectomy. What is the most likely cause?
Damage to the long thoracic nerve during axillary dissection
The pathology that causes a down and out eye
CN III palsy (any vascular problem)
The test used to determine midbrain damage
Pupillary light reflex
The most likely pathology when a patient presents with gait disturbances, dementia, and urinary incontinence
Normal pressure hydrocephalus
A 79-year-old woman is recovering post right total hip replacement and whilst with the physiotherapists it is noted that her right foot is dragging across the floor whilst walking.
Upon lower limb neurological examination her left leg is entirely normal. However, her right leg has 0/5 power of dorsiflexion and knee flexion, a diminished ankle and plantar reflex and no sensation over the lateral calf, sole and dorsum of the foot.
Which nerve lesion has occurred?
Sciatic nerve
The pathology caused by inability of the scleral venous sinus to drain
Open angle glaucoma
A 43-year-old man presents to a neurology clinic with wasting of the left masseter and difficulty eating. This has been ongoing over the last 3 months, ever since a fall from scaffolding at work that resulted in a basal skull fracture.
On examination, the left masseter appears significantly atrophied when compared to the right and the mandible appears to deviate towards the left side. There is some decrease in sensation around the body of the mandible.
Injury to which region of the skull base is likely to account for the patient's symptoms?
Foramen ovale
A patient presents with proximal lower limb muscle weakness. Antibody tests are performed and confirm a diagnosis of Lambert-Eaton syndrome.
In this condition, what receptors do the autoimmune antibodies target?
voltage-gated calcium channels
A 38-year-old man presented to the emergency department with a severe headache which started an hour ago while he was making his breakfast. The pain started suddenly and is in the occipital region. On history taking, the patient rates the severity as 10/10 and it is also found that he is a diagnosed case of autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. It is observed during the examination that the patient appears to be shying away from the light bulb in the room. There is stiffness on neck flexion. Neurological examination is normal. His blood pressure is 150/90 mmHg, his heart rate is 88 beats per minute and his temperature is 37.2 ºC.
What is the most likely cause of this patient's headache?
Subarachnoid haemorrhage
Patient with unilateral taste loss
LMN facial nerve lesion
A 51-year-old man presents to the general practice with a 4-day history of feeling unsteady when walking. He reports tripping over his feet on several occasions over the past few months. He feels this is more of a problem with his left foot. On examination, there are no changes in tone, sensation, power, or reflexes. There is a lack of coordination on the left lower limb. There is dysdiadochokinesis present on the left upper limb. His gait appears normal. You refer him urgently to see a neurologist and request an urgent MRI head scan. The scan shows a mass present in the left cerebellar hemisphere. The mass is invading the fourth ventricle and there is asymmetry of the cisterna magna suggesting drainage of the fourth ventricle is impaired. What allows cerebrospinal fluid to flow from the fourth ventricle into the cisterna magna?
Foramen of Magendie)
A 34-year-old man is stabbed in the back causing a hemisection of the spinal cord at the level T5. You assess the patient's sensory function, with respect to temperature, vibration, fine touch. You also assess the patient's muscle strength. Which signs would you expect to see?
Contralateral loss of temperature, ipsilateral loss of fine touch and vibration, ipsilateral paresis
A 57-year-old woman with known lung cancer develops the oncological emergency of malignant spinal cord compression. Her tumour is beginning to compress on the ventral horns of her spinal cord bilaterally.
What neurological manifestation might be expected in this patient?
Paresis below the level of the lesion
The main difference between a supraorbital fracture and cavernous sinus syndrome
Optic nerve affected in supraorbital fracture
A 32-year-old male presents to the Emergency Department with a 6-hour history of severely painful, reddened right-eye, associated with reduced visual acuity and haloes around light. He has a past history of hypermetropia (long-sightedness). Examination identifies a red right-eye with an associated fixed and dilated pupil and conjunctival injection.
what is the most likely diagnosis?
Acute closed-angle glaucoma
A 65-year-old man presents to his GP with changes to the appearance of his face.
Over the last few weeks, he has found it difficult to fully open his right eye and has noticed he doesn't seem to sweat on the right side of his face.
On examination, there is drooping of his right eyelid and his right pupil is smaller than the left.
What structure is most likely to be affected?
Cervical sympathetic chain
A 57-year-old man has been brought to the emergency department by ambulance after a 'funny turn' that occurred when he was out for lunch with his daughter.
The patient describes suddenly becoming very dizzy and lightheaded, associated with an episode of vomiting. He now cannot hear anything in his left ear and is unable to move the left-hand side of his face.
He is sent for an urgent CT scan, after which the radiologist confirms a thrombus is occluding an artery in his brain.
What artery is the thrombus most likely to have occluded?
Anterior inferior cerebellar artery