MC/MD concepts
Control of movement is shaped by a complex interaction between what 3 things?
The individual, the task, and the environment
The three classifications of movement are
Discrete, Serial and Continuous
One thing basal ganglia pathology can lead to is
Hypokinesia
hyperkinesia
What is the topographic representation of the body parts in the brain/cortex?
The cortical Humunculus
Parkinson's disease is a result of the death of what?
Dopamine neurons
"different strategies can be used to meet the needs of one motor command" is the concept of what?
The concept of motor equivalence
A 100% true positive rate means
No false negatives
Tetraplegia refers to
Weakness or paralysis that affects all 4 limbs
Constructional apraxia refers to
The inability to copy a simple configuration such as intersecting shapes
What are the 2 parallel loops/major input areas of the basal ganglia
Caudate and Putamen
Name 3 theories of motor control and/or motor development
Hierarchal, dynamic systems, neuronal group, perception-action
Brain activity can be measured using oxygen levels/metabolic rate
fMRI- functional magnetic resonance Imaging
"The time it takes to perform a task depends on the number and types of mental stages involved" refers to what principle
Donders subtractive model
Difficulty with motor planning caused by damage to the posterior parietal cortex or corpus callosum is called
Apraxia
Activation of the indirect BG pathway results in
Inhibition of thalamocortical projections/inhibition of movement
What are the three directional concepts associated with motor development?
Cephalocaudal or head -> toe
proximal -> distal
Gross -> fine
in measuring motor behavior there are 3 criteria, they are-
objectivity, reliability and validity
An uncontrollable increase in the stretch reflex of a muscle leads to
Hypertonicity- specifically spasticity
What lives behind the brainstem and adjusts motor responses and modulates movements?
The cerebellum
The 3 things the major areas of involvement for the BG as it pertains to movement are...
Movement control
Learning
Cognition
The greatest limitation of the Hierarchal theory of development is
It does not explain why adults have reflexive behaviors in specific situations. (maintained flexor withdrawal)
correlation coefficient refers to a shard association but does not implicate or infer
Causation
Anticipation, sensory information, and joint sense are all part of what part of informational processing?
The feedforward system
A circuit below the level of a SC lesion that can sustain stereotyped oscillatory stereotyped patterns of movement is called
Spinal Central Pattern Generators
Name the 4 of the 7 major structures involved in Motor Learning are
Primary motor cortex, caudate, putamen, globus pallidus, subthalamaus, substantia nigra and thalmus