Alaric Thain's History
a process in which individuals, organizations, or societies focus on a specific area of expertise or production, often to become highly skilled or efficient in that particular domain.
What is "specialization".
the belief that human behavior, abilities, and traits are primarily or entirely determined by biological factors, such as genetics and physiology.
What is biological determinism.
an type of market where the production, distribution, and pricing of goods and services are primarily determined by supply and demand in an open and competitive environment.
What is a free market.
What two institutitions did Muhammad establish?
What is the mosque and the market.
a financial measure or policy implemented by a government to encourage certain economic activities, behaviors, or investments.
What is a fiscal incentive.
often used in the context of moral and ethical discussion, this framework refers to the scope or range of individuals or groups to whom one feels a moral or ethical responsibility or duty.
What is 'universe of obligation'.
the study or belief in the improvement of the human race through selective breeding and controlled reproduction.
What is eugenics.
an economic and social system characterized by private ownership of the means of production, free markets, and individual entrepreneurship.
What is capitalism.
This denomination was that associated with a particular work ethic and "spirit of capitalism" as described by Max Weber.
What is Protestantism.
(Will accept Calvinism)
an economic system that combines elements of both market capitalism and government intervention
What is 'mixed economy'.
What is the difference between religion and religious belief, according to the text?
Religious belief existed before the agricultural era and was not necessarily systematized; Relgion is a product of the agricultural rev. and often serves a broader social function, in terms of structuring social hierarchy and providing certain individuals with more privilege.
"during the course of an individual's embryonic development, they pass through stages that resemble the adult forms of their evolutionary ancestors" - what theory is this referring to?
What is "recapitualtion theory" or biogenetic law.
an type of market where the government or a central authority has significant control over the allocation of resources, production, distribution, and pricing of goods and services.
What is a centralized market.
What two things did Muhammad's business ethics prohibit in the markets of Medina? (apart from requiring stalls to be dismantled every evening)
What is 1. exploitation of borrowers and 2. interference in setting of market prices
These two things were looked down in early Calvinism (regarding use of ones wealth, specifically)
What is
- donation to ones church
- charity to others, as it was considered "beggary"
What are the two aims of an economic system, according to the textbook?
To produce as much value as possible with the limited resources available; to distribute it according to the values of the society.
the belief that all human races or ethnic groups share a common ancestry, originating from a single population or source.
What is monogenism.
refers to the self-regulating nature of a free-market economy, where individuals pursuing their self-interest inadvertently contribute to the overall good of society.
What is the "invisible hand" (Adam Smith).
What is the "doctrine of predestination"?
Essentially, it stated that some were chosen for salvation, some for damnation - that this was fated and inescapable.
What was the primary shift in the collective consciousness during the enlightenment, specifically in Europe? How did this challenge the "priestly class" during this time?
a concept associated with some historical scientific and religious beliefs, particularly in the context of the origin of species and human populations. It refers to the idea that different regions or locations on Earth were considered as distinct centers where species or human races were believed to have been separately created by a divine or natural force.
What is "centers of creation".
According to Adam Smith, universal prosperity depended on what three things?
What is
Enlightened self interest
Limited government
Solid Currency and Free Market Economy
Coined as such by Max Weber, this refers to the ethical/moral attitude of early protestantism (Calvinism) in regards to work and wealth. Essentially, it is illustrated by engaging a secular vocation with zeal (as a religious duty) and the goal of maintained wealth accumulation and worldly success over time.