Overview
What is a Theory
A scientific theory is an explanation of the natural world that can be repeatedly tested and backed up using the scientific method
What is the difference between a zygote and an embryo?
Zygote is a new cell created by a fertilized egg during the germinal period
Embryo is a multi-cellular organism implanted in the uterine wall during the embryonic period
What is the placenta? What does it do?
It's the sac a baby grows in. It feeds the baby.
What are reflexes? What is one reflex a baby has?
Involuntary movement in response to stimulation. Sucking, rooting (turning head), grasp, babinski (toe curl), moro (spreading out then contracting), tonic neck (fencer pose), stepping
Why is play important for young children? What kinds of skills does it teach them?
Gross and fine motor skills, social skills
What is the nature v. nurture debate?
The debate between whether or not our genes or the way we are raised plays a bigger role in shaping us
What is the difference between dominant and recessive genes?
Dominant genes always express themselves. Recessive genes only express themselves when paired with other recessive genes.
What is a baby's strongest sense after birth?
Hearing
What is the difference between gross and fine motor skills?
Gross - large motor skills that develop first
Fine - more exact movements of the feet, toes, hands, and fingers
What are cultural differences in how parents raise children?
Western (European and US): super involved, baby talk, overprotective
Eastern (Asian): left more to self, less extreme emotions shown to them
African: allowed near nature, nursed in public
What are the three domains of development?
What is the difference between a genotype and phenotype?
Genotype = all the genes a person inherits
Phenotype = the features expressed by your genes
What is a possible problem a newborn can have?
Anoxia, low birth weight, preterm, small-for-date, postmature, stillborn
What causes shaken baby syndrome? What can SBS result in?
Shaking a baby too hard. Can result in death, developmental delays, paralysis, motor dysfunction, spasticity, blindness, and seizures
What were the experiments Dr. Kenneth and Mimi Clark did with children and their interactions with black and white baby dolls? What were the results?
They asked children which doll was good and which they preferred, and most children said the white doll.
What are the five periods of development?
Prenatal development (conception - birth)
Infancy and toddlerhood (birth - 2 years)
Early childhood (3 - 5 years)
Middle childhood (6 - 11 years)
Adolescence (12 years - adulthood)
What do you call an environmental factor that can contribute to birth defects?
Teratogen
What is the Apgar assessment? What does it assess?
An assessment given to newborns one minute and five minutes after birth. Assesses heart rate, respiration, muscle tone, reflex response, and color.
What is telegraphic speech and at what typical age do children start using it?
Combining words to convey messages but not using correct grammar, 18 months
What are the four styles of parenting? Describe them.
Authoritarian - too strict and unloving
Authoritative - sets boundaries but full of love
Permissive - loving, allows too much
Uninvolved - unloving, detached
Name a childhood development theorist and describe their theory.
Possible answers:
- Freud and psychosexual theory
- Erikson and psychosocial theory
- Pavlov and behaviorism
- Skinner and operant conditioning
- Bandura and social learning theory
- Piaget and the theory of cognitive development
- Vygotsky and sociocultural theory
What are three maternal factors that influence the outcome of pregnancy?
Possible answers:
- age
- gestational diabetes
- high blood pressure
- Rh disease
- weigh gain
- stress
- depression
Describe and name three methods of childbirth.
Lamaze Method - muscle relaxation, breathing through contractions, support person
Leboyer Method - quiet, dimly lit room, let newborn lie on mom's stomach
Hypnobirthing - using hypnotism to help calms the fears and tension of a mother
Bradley Method - natural childbirth, reduce perception of pain
Alexander Technique - using body positioning and movement
Waterbirth - immersion in warm water
Lotus Birth - leaving the umbilical cord uncut
Medicated Childbirth - using an epidural or another kind medicated pain relief
What is the difference between personality and temperament?
Temperament - innate characteristics of infant, includes mood, activity level, emotional reactivity
Personality - a person's consistent pattern of feeling, thinking, and behaving, the result of constant interplay between nature and nurture
What does ACE measure? What does a high ACE score indicate?
Trauma. A high score indicates high probability of trauma, which can impact a person's mental and physical health.