Clinical Psychology
This was previously known as 'Multiple Personality Disorder' in which individuals switch from 1 host to 1 or more alters.
Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID)
Name and explain the 3 key elements of developmental diversity
a.) Genotype - genetic material inherited
b.) Phenotype - observable expression
c.) Environment - all other aspects than the genetic material
A culture where people should seek to fit in a community
Collectivist
An approach used to explain the biological bases of personality such as Genetics and Brain functioning
Biological Approach
What are the three measurements of central tendency? Explain what they represent.
Mean - average, sum of all values divided by the total number of values
Median - middle number of an average data set
Mode - most frequent value
Actual encounter of being a target due to the stereotypes, prejudice and discrimination
Experienced stigma
Name of 7 enduring themes of Development
a.) Nature and Nuture
b.) Continuity & Discontinuity
c.) Mechanisms of Change
d.) Universality & Context Specificity
e.) Individual Differences
f.) Research & Children's Welfare
g.) The Active Child
We make quick first impression of people unconsciously
Snap Judgement
A trait that is characterised by high efficiency, organisation and self-control
Conscientiousness
What does the alpha (α) value symbolise?
The threshold for statistical significance to which the test scores will be used to determine which hypothesis to accept and reject.
This model posits that activation of schema leads to negative automatic thoughts
Beck's Cognitive Model of Depression
Define Eudaimonia vs. Hedonia with regard to measuring wellbeing and the theories involved.
Eudaimonia - concept focusing on the consequences of self-growth and actualisation | SDT (Self-Determination Theory)
Hedonia - immediate sensory aspects of pleasure, happiness, and enjoyment | PANAS (Positive and Negative Affect)
This study found that people are highly obedient to authoritative figure of high status
Milgram's Obedience Study
A test that uses series of symmetrical inkblots
Rorschach Test
State the similarities and differences of the single-sample t-test and the single-sample z-test.
Both are used to calculate the level of significance a data set has, which determines which hypothesis to accept and reject. If the scores are less than the alpha (α) value - meaning they are within the range of the population mean, we accept the null hypothesis. If they are more extreme (greater/less) than the α-value, we reject the null hypothesis and accept the alternative.
Z-test - used when the population variance/distribution is known and when the population is greater than 30
T-test - used when the population variance is unknown and derived from the sample population only; it is also used when the population is less than 30
In Fay's Lecture, what did she say was the greatest influence to coping with her diagnosis that she empowers others to be able to do and encourage to one another?
Tuning her diagnosis into a loving challenge, enable individuals to reframe who and what they are, what has happened, and who they can be (the relationship itself is healing)
"Social minority men are more vulnerable than heterosexual men to experiencing negative body image". Explain why.
Complex, but (partly) because of potent appearance pressures perpetuated within sexual minority male spaces (e.g., dating apps, bars, clubs, social groups)
• Heightened emphasis on having a visibly muscular physique
• These pressures may arise from avoidance of pejorative stereotypes that gay men are “effeminate”
• Leads to stringent appearance pressures within sexual minority male spaces to ”look masculine”
A theory that claims that our identity is comprised in large part of social groups we belong to
Social Identity Theory
A study that found that behavior is not really about character and personality but it is primarily about opportunity
Hartshone & May (1928) - Behavioural tests of dishonesty
Differentiate the difference between Independent Samples T-Test vs. Repeated Measures T-Test.
Independent Samples T-test is used when two independent groups are being measured against each other, while the Repeated Measures T-test measures the same group in two different time periods.
The Independent Samples T-test assess if the two sample means are different to zero or if one is < or > the other, while the Repeated Measures T-test assess if the difference between T1 and T2 means is different to zero or if one is < or > than the other.
List and describe 5 Symptoms of Psychoses
Negative Symptoms: Avolition, Alogia, Anhedonia, Affective flattening, Inattention
Others: Catatonia, Incongruent or inappropriate affect, Bizzare behaviour
Distinguish the difference between the Stanford-Binet Scales with the British Ability Scale in measuring intelligence
Stanford-Binet Scales
- five cognitive abilities: fluid reasoning, knowledge, quantitative reasoning, visual-spatial processing, working memory
- popular in the US (2-23 y.o. - mental age to calulate IQ)
British Ability Scale
- three domains: verbal ability, non-verbal reasoning, spatial ability
- popular in the UL (3-17 y.o. | early/school | uses 'g' or general intelligence to calculate IQ)
What is one way to prevent social loafing?
Assign Responsibility/ Establish clear standards and rules/ Evaluate individual performance
______ relates to people’s position relative to their peers
Rank-order stability
Describe the features of a Correlational Test. State at least 5.
- Examines the relationship between 2 variables, x and y
- Each participant provides 2 pieces of data
- Simple observation, no control or manipulation
- Examines linear and symmetrical association
- In a positive linear association, as scored on x increase, y scores also increase simultaneously
- In a negative linear association, as scores on x increase, y scores decrease simultaneously
- If the association is weak or doesn’t exist, linear trends are barely or not observable at all
- Correlation does not equal causation
- IV may not directly be affecting DV
- possibility of another variable influencing the observable relationship
- Pearson’s R - determines the strength of the linear relationship between x and y