The Multi-Store Memory Model
What are the three components of the Multi-Store Memory Model?
Sensory Memory, Short Term Memory, Long Term Memory
What are the four main components of the Working Memory Model?
1. Phonological Loop
2. Visuospatial Sketchpad
3. Episodic Buffer
4. Central Executive
What are the 6 approaches to normality?
1. Situational
2. Historical
3. Statistical
4. Medical/Biological
5. Sociocultural
6. Functional
Name the 'Big Four' categories of psychological disorders.
1. Mood Disorders
2. Anxiety Disorders
3. Personality Disorders
4. Psychotic Disorders
What is psychotherapy and name an example.
Psychotherapy is the use of psychological methods in the form of personal interaction to help a person change behaviours, increase happiness and overcome problems.
E.g. Cognitive Behavioural Therapy
What does MDD stand for?
Major Depressive Disorder
What is a criticism of the Multi-Store Memory Model?
It is too simplistic.
You are trying to memorise a friend's phone number by repeating it. Which component of the Working Memory Model are you predominantly using?
Phonological Loop
Describe what maladaptive and adaptive behaviours are. Name an example for each.
Adaptive behaviours are age appropriate everyday life skills that enables a person to function. E.g. Dressing oneself, personal hygiene, maintaining a job to provide for family.
Maladaptive behaviours are behaviours that interfere with a person's ability to function on a daily basis. E.g. Tantrums, screaming, aggressive or disruptive behaviours).
What is the placebo effect?
An inactive substance (i.e. sugar pill) that causes a a reduction in symptoms because people believe what they are taking will be effective.
What are the three processes of memory?
Encoding, Storage, Retrieval
What is the duration and capacity of Short Term Memory for normal adults?
Duration: 12-30 Seconds
Capacity: 7 Items -/+ 2
Who are the two people who developed the Working Memory Model?
Baddeley and Hitch
Identify three factors that can determine if a child develops adaptive behaviours?
- Resilience
- Secure attachment
- Parental interest in education
- Happy and secure home environment
- Financial security
Describe Schizophrenia and give examples of some of the symptoms.
Schizophrenia is a mental disorder characterized by disruptions in thought processes, perceptions, emotional responsiveness, and social interactions.
A person with schizophrenia could experience some of the following symptoms:
1. Hallucinations
2. Delusions
3. Disorganised thoughts
4. Lack of motivation
What is ECT and how does it work?
Electroconvulsive Therapy
- Patients are anaesthetised and electrodes are placed on their head. Then, an electric shock is administered. This causes a seizure. ECT seems to cause change in brain chemistry that can quickly reverse symptoms of certain disorders.
What is the analogy used to describe the three processes of memory? Explain this.
A computer.
Encoding = typing information into the computer using a keyboard
Storage = saving a file
Retrieval = opening a file
Compare iconic and echoic memory. Identify the duration of these.
Both are a part of sensory memory. Iconic memory is what you see, echoic memory is what you hear.
Iconic: 0.3 of a second
Echoic: 3-4 seconds
What is the role of the Episodic Buffer?
It helps retrieve information from the LTM to associate it with information in the working memory.
Differentiate between Psychosis and Neurosis.
Psychosis - when there is some loss of contact with reality
Neurosis - non-psychotic illnesses such as anxiety, and depression
Outline the symptoms of Borderline Personality Disorder and identify the difficulty in diagnosing this disorder.
- Extreme instability of moods and relationships with other people
- Often, people with BPD aren't aware that they have any issues, which can make diagnosis difficult
The stigma surrounding mental health and mental disorders can stop people from seeking treatment and help when they need it. Discuss how this may affect society as a whole, and then propose a way to reduce the stigma surrounding mental health.
The stigma around mental health may affect society as a whole because if people are not seeking treatment when they need it, this could result in a loss of productivity for companies. This would be due to people taking sick days and higher substance abuse as people try to self-medicate.
A way to reduce the stigma surrounding mental health is to continue to educate the public and encourage people to seek treatment, just as they would if they had a physical illness such as a cold.
Who developed the multi-store memory model theory?
Atkinson and Shiffrin
Outline each of the components of Long Term Memory, give an example of each and determine if these are implicit or explicit.
Component 1: Declarative (Explicit)
Episodic Memory - Memories of events from life experiences. E.g. First day of school, a party, first kiss
Semantic Memory - Memories of facts and knowledge. E.g. Names of capital cities, knowledge of how a car works.
Component 2: Procedural (Implicit)
Memory of skills or how to do things. E.g. Riding a bike, driving a car etc.
What is the role of the central executive?
Switching attention from task to task, performing calculations and making linkages between new information and information in the LTM.
What is the manual used to diagnose disorders and which countries is this typically used?
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th Edition.
Used in Australia and USA.
What is the diagnostic criteria of Generalised Anxiety Disorder??
- Excessive worry and anxiety occurring more days than not for at least 6 months
What is DBS, and which people suffering from a particular illness benefit from this?
Deep Brain Stimulation - small holes in skull and electrodes are inserted into brain tissue.
People with Parkinson's Disease.
What is Agoraphobia?
A fear of crowds, assemblies of people and open spaces.