Federalism
This is the structural (or constitutional) relationship between a national government and its constitutive states.
What is Federalism?
This Act, passed in 1965, aimed to overcome legal barriers at the state and local levels that prevented African Americans from exercising their right to vote as guaranteed under the 15th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution.
What is the Voting Rights Act?
This is a process that allows citizens to bypass their state legislature by placing proposed statutes and, in some states, constitutional amendments on the ballot.
What is a Direct initiative?
On November 30th, these two state governors will be engaging in a debate hosted by Fox News, but not in either governor's home state.
Gavin Newsom and Ron DeSantis
This amendment to the U.S. Constitution, ratified in 1913, established the federal income tax.
Sixteenth Amendment
Whereas a "layer cake" Federalism suggests no interaction between the state and federal governments. This type of cake may more aptly describe the relationships between entities in the U.S.
What is "marble cake" Federalism?
This term refers to election systems in which multiple candidates are elected through allocations of votes to more than one winner.
What are Multimember districts?
This term describes an election in which citizens vote directly on whether to overturn a bill or a constitutional amendment that has already been passed by the legislature.
What is a Popular referendum?
This type of veto allows a governor to reject specific provisions of a bill without rejecting the whole thing.
Line-item veto
This constitutional change, also ratified in 1913, altered the process of senatorial elections, allowing for the direct election of senators by popular vote.
Seventeenth Amendment
This act passed in 2001, and just 45 days after 9/11 greatly increased the power of the federal government.
This type of voting system allows voters to support multiple candidates, and not just one. It is often used in elections with multiple winners.
What is Cumulative voting systems?
A political third party in the United States that emerged in the late 19th century and was especially popular among western farmers, advocating for bimetallism and agrarian interests.
What is the Populist Party?
This is the term for public sector or government jobs that are given out by elected officials as rewards to friends and political allies for their support.
patronage jobs
This U.S. Supreme Court case from 1896 upheld the constitutionality of racial segregation laws for public facilities as long as the segregated facilities were equal in quality.
Plessy v. Ferguson
“The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people.” falls under this amendment.
What is the 10th Amendment?
This term refers to the creation of electoral district boundaries in a way that intentionally reduces the electoral influence of a particular demographic group, often based on race.
What is Racial gerrymandering?
An era of early 20th-century reform that sought to address the problems caused by industrialization, urbanization, immigration, and political corruption.
What is the Progressive Era reforms?
This term refers to a political system where one party controls the executive branch while another party controls one or both houses of the legislative branch.
divided government
This landmark 2005 Supreme Court decision held that the government taking property for economic development constitutes a permissible "public use" under the Fifth Amendment.
Kelo v. City of New London
This court case upheld the power of Congress to incorporate the Second Bank of the United States and that the State of Maryland could not tax it.
What is McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)?
This concept refers to the theoretical effectiveness of a district's size in terms of the number of representatives it elects, impacting the proportionality of the representation received by various political or demographic groups.
What is District magnitude efficacy?
This was a 1978 ballot proposition in California that capped property taxes and laid the groundwork for the anti-tax movement in the United States.
What is Proposition 13?
Chief Executive Officer, Policy Maker, Intergovernmental Liaison, Crisis Manager
This 1942 case expanded the scope of the U.S. Congress’s authority under the Commerce Clause, allowing for more federal regulation of intrastate commerce.
Wickard v. Filburn