Historical Materialism
Who proposed this theory?
Karl Max and Friedrich Engel
Who started this theory?
Talcott Parsons
Which theoretical approach in sociology aims to critique and transform oppressive social structures, challenging existing power dynamics?
Critical theory aims to critique and transform oppressive social structures.
What theoretical perspective in social sciences focuses on identifying the underlying structures that shape human experiences and behaviors?
Structuralism focuses on identifying underlying structures shaping human experiences.
What theoretical framework suggests that social systems are composed of interconnected and interdependent elements, leading to emergent properties?
Complexity theory suggests that social systems have emergent properties from interconnected elements.
What does alienation means?
The separation of things that naturally belong together, or antagonism between those who are properly in harmony.
Parsons definition of culture
Defines culture as a pattern, this is, an organized system of symbols that guides individuals, presents embraced aspects of the personality system and establishes institutionalized patterns. For structural functionalist theory, the state is an organization that administrates and benefits the society.
Identify the concept within critical theory that emphasizes the role of culture, beliefs, and values in shaping social reality.
Ideology is the concept emphasizing the role of culture in shaping social reality.
Name the anthropologist often credited with developing structuralism in the study of cultures and societies.
Claude Lévi-Strauss is the anthropologist associated with structuralism.
Identify one key concept within complexity theory that emphasizes the non-linear and unpredictable nature of social phenomena.
The concept of emergence emphasizes the non-linear and unpredictable nature of social phenomena.
What caused alineation?
The exploitation and human misery during the Industrial Revolution, in which workers had 14-hour working days and didn’t have a life independent of their work
Robert K. Marton focuses on....
He focused primarily on the relationship between structures and functions, discarding Parsons’ idea that all parts are functional, integrated and indispensable.
Who are some key figures associated with the development of critical theory, particularly within the Frankfurt School?
The Frankfurt School includes key figures like Max Horkheimer and Theodor Adorno.
In structuralism, what term is used to describe the practice of examining cultural phenomena by breaking them down into their smallest, most basic elements?
Deconstruction is the practice of breaking down cultural phenomena into basic elements.
How does complexity theory differ from traditional linear models in understanding social systems?
Complexity theory differs by recognizing feedback loops, adaptability, and non-linearity in social systems.
When Manifesto of the Communist Party was published?
1844
According to De La Torre, what is a problem?
A problem is a group of facts and circumstances that complicate the achievement of an objective.
In critical theory, what term is used to describe the distortion of communication in a way that serves the interests of those in power?
Distorted communication in favor of those in power is termed "ideological distortion."
Identify one criticism of structuralism, particularly in its application to social sciences.
One criticism is that structuralism oversimplifies the complexity of human behavior.
Provide an example of a social phenomenon that can be better understood through the lens of complexity theory.
Urbanization can be better understood through the lens of complexity theory.
What is it objective?
End capitalism because it is considered as a way to restrain, exploit, and control the population.
What is the comparative method?
Is the analysis of shared features and differences of the facts and phenomena
Provide one example of how critical theory has been applied to analyze a specific social issue.
Critical theory has been applied to analyze issues like gender inequality or media influence.
Explain how structuralism has influenced the analysis of language and meaning in the social sciences.
Structuralism has influenced the analysis of language and meaning in linguistics and anthropology.
What implications does complexity theory have for policymaking in complex, adaptive social systems?
Complexity theory implies that policymaking should consider the dynamic and adaptive nature of social systems.