Peiod 1:1491-1607
Who were conquistadors?
Spanish explorers and conquerers that secured Spain's initial supremacy in the Americas, sent gold and silver back to Spain which made Spain the richest and most powerful country in Europe.
What were cash crops?
Crops like tobacco, sugar, and indigo, raised in large quantities in order to be sold for profit under the English mercantilism system.
What is the Bill of Rights?
The first ten amendments to the Constitution that protect individual freedom's against the Federal government.
What was universal white male suffrage?
In the 1810s, new Western states adopted state constitutions that allowed all white males to vote and hold office. Most Eastern states soon followed suit. Voting for president rose from about 350,000 in 1824 to 2.4 million in 1840.
What was Manifest Destinty?
The idea that Americans had a “God-given right” — a divine right — to expand across the continent.
3rd President of the United States. He was the leader of the Anti-Federalist and the Democratic-Republican Party. He favored limited central government and dreamed of the United States being an agrarian society.
Thomas Jefferson
Distinguished senator from Kentucky, who ran for president five times until his death in 1852. He created the American System plan for economic improvements and developed many compromises over slavery earning him the name the "Great Compromiser".
Henry Clay
What is the Columbian Exchange?
The exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and technologies between the Americas and the rest of the world following Columbus's voyages.
What is the system of mercantilism?
Was a form of economic nationalism that sought to increase the prosperity and power of a nation through restrictive trade practices. Its goal was to increase the supply of a state's gold and silver with exports rather than to deplete it through imports. It also sought to support domestic employment.
Who were Federalists?
Founding fathers who favored the Constitution and wanted a strong central government.
What was the Market Revolution?
A period that began around 1820s in America that encompassed the industrial and transportation revolutions, the change from subsistence farming to large-scale cash farming, regional specialization, immigration, western-movement, and growth of cities.
What was the Freedman's Bureau?
Federal agency created by Congress in 1865 to aid newly emancipated slaves by providing food, clothing, medical care, education, and legal support.
2nd president of the United States. He was the leader of the Federalist Party. He was responsible for passing the Alien & Sedition Acts to limit the power of the opposing Democratic-Republican Party.
John Adams
An African-American abolitionist and reformer. He escaped from slavery and became a leader of an abolitionist movement speaking frequently against slavery.
Frederick Douglass
What is the Triangle Trade?
System of trade most closely associated with the transatlantic slave trade in the 16th through 19th century.
Who were the Puritans?
A religious group who wanted to purify the Church of England. They came to America for religious freedom and settled Massachusetts Bay.
Who were Anti-Federalists?
Founding Fathers who wanted a weak central government and more power to the people/States and opposed the ratification of the Constitution.
What was the Democratic Party?
It was one of two political parties in the Second Two Party System that advocated for slavery, States' rights, agrarian-oriented, opposed gold standard, supported lowering tariff and eventual secession from Union.
What was the Missouri Compromise (1820)?
Compromise created to admit Missouri as a state that aimed to keep the balance of slave and nonslave states in Congress. Congress admitted Maine as a free state in 1820 so that Missouri could become a slave state. The compromise prohibited slavery in the rest of the Louisiana Purchase territory north of 36 30, the southern boundary of Missouri.
He was the first Secretary of the Treasury under Presdient Washington. He was a Federalists and he advocated creation of a national bank, protective tariffs and the federal government absorbing state debts in his Financial Plan.
Alexander Hamilton
He was an American Transcendentalist who was against the Mexican-American War. He established the idea of civil disobedience, where citizens have the right to nullify federal laws if they are immoral or unjust.
Henry David Thoreau
What was the Protestant Reformation?
Revolt of Christians against the authority of the pope, led to religious wars, caused Catholics/Protestants to want to spread their version of Christianity to Africa, Asia, and the Americas.
What were slave codes?
Restictive laws enacted to aimed to limit African social, economic and political autonomy as well as to control the growth of a free African population.
What was the French Revolution?
A social and political revolution in France that toppled the monarchy. It was inspired by the American Revolution.
What was the National Republican (Whig) Party?
Was a conservative political party that existed in the United States during the mid-19th century. Alongside the slightly larger Democratic Party, it was one of the two major parties in the United States between the late 1830s and the early 1850s as part of the Second Party System. It advocated for a strong central government, internal improvements, national bank and industrialization.
What was the Compromise of 1850?
A group of five laws passed in September of 1850 to decide how to incorporate the Mexican Cession territory into the United States. These laws made concessions to both free and slave states in an attempt to placate both sides of the slavery debate and preserve the union. Part of the compromise determined that California would be a free state and it strengthened the Fugitive Slave Act.
He was a Founding Father who served as the 4th president of the United States from 1809 to 1817. He was a leader in the Democratic-Republican Party. He was popularly acclaimed the "Father of the Constitution" for his pivotal role in drafting and promoting the Constitution of the United States and the Bill of Rights. He was also president during the War of 1812.
James Madison
He was a leader in the Democratic Party. He was a pro-slavery and pro-expansion advocate. He won the 1844 presidential election and was president during the controversial Mexican-American War.
James K. Polk
What is the Spanish Caste System?
A social hierarchy that was determined by wealth, education, and physical appearance. The caste was created because there were few women in Spanish colonies and so many men married native women creating a need for social classes to be established.
What was the Seven Years' War?
1756-1763, known also as the French and Indian War, between the French and their Indian allies and the English that proved the English to be the more dominant force of what was to be the United States both commercially and in terms of controlled regions.
What was the Federalist Party?
One of the first of two political parties in the United States that advocated for strong central government and was supported by merchants and elites in urban areas. They supported loose interpretation of the Constitution, creation of a national bank and pro-English.
Textile factory system of the early 19th century that employed mainly young women [age 15-35] from New England farms to increase efficiency, productivity and profits. It played a significant role in advancing the first women's rights movement in America.
What was the concept of slavery being a "positive good"?
John C. Calhoun, as well as other pro-slavery advocates, said slavery was good for the slave and the enslaver. It was used to justify the system of slavery in the south.
He was an American theologian and Congregational clergyman, whose sermons such as Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God, demonstrated the ideas of the First Great Awakening. He was considered a New Lights preacher.
Jonathan Edwards
Influential Democratic editor who coined the phrase "manifest destiny" and justified the American claims to new territory.
John L. O'Sullivan
What is the Encomienda System?
System in Spanish America that gave settlers the right to tax local Indians or to demand their labor in exchange for protecting them and teaching them skills.
What was the Maryland Act of Toleration?
It was the first law in North America requiring religious tolerance for Christians, specifically protecting Catholics.
What was the Democratic Rebuplican Party?
One of the first two political parties in the nation, led by Thomas Jefferson. They believed people should have political power, favored strong state governments, emphasized agriculture, strict interpretation of the Constitution, pro-French, and opposed National Bank.
What was the Cult of Domesticity?
System of cultural beliefs or ideals in the 19th century that governed gender roles in upper- and middle-class society stating that a woman's place was in the home taking care of the home, children and her husband.
What was the Compromise of 1877?
An informal, unwritten deal that settled the disputed 1876 U.S. presidential election. The north agreed to pull federal troops out of the south and end Reconstruction in exchange for Republican Rutherford B. Hayes to be named president.
An English Anglican minister who toured the colonies during the First Great Awakening, helping to spread the spiritual revival throughout the colonies.
George Whitefield
19th president of the United States; he won the election due to the Compromise of 1877 that ended Reconstruction.
Rutherford B. Hayes
What was the Asiento System?
System instituted by Spanish that brought enslaved people from West Africa and required Spanish to pay a tax to their king on each slave they imported from the Americas.
What was "City Upon A Hill"?
John Winthrop wanted Massachusetts Bay Colony to be a Puritan model society based on Christian principles. Puritans tried to live perfect lives.
What were the Federalists Papers?
A series of 85 essays written by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay published in NY newspapers and used to convince readers to adopt the new constitution.
What was nativism?
The belief that native-born Americans are superior to foreigners.
What was the Dred Scott vs. Sandford case?
The highly controversial 1857 Supreme Court decision that rejected the claim of a slave, Dred Scott, who argued that time spent with his owner in regions that banned slavery had made him a free man. The Court ruled that he was legal property, meaning the federal government had no power to determine where slavery could exist in the union.
A Spanish missionary who was disgusted and outraged by the poor treatment of Native Americans especially in the Encomienda System. He advocated for human rights for natives in the Valladolid Debates.
Bartolome de las Casas
He was a leader in the Democratic Party, he was pro-slavery and pro-expansion. He was quoted saying slavery was a "positive good". He was also a leader in the South Carolina secession effort during Tariff of Abominations/Nullification crisis during Andrew Jackson's presidency in the 1830s.
John C. Calhoun
What does the word aborigines mean?
People who are native to a region, in this case those who were native to Central and South America.
What was the First Great Awakening?
1730-1755, religious revival in the colonies, George Whitefield and Jonathan Edwards preached a message of atonement for sins by admitting them to God. The movement attempted to combat the growing secularism and rationalism of mid-eighteenth century America. Religious splits in the colonies became deeper.
What was Republican Motherhood?
The expectation that women would instill Republican values in children and be active in families; helped increase education for women.
What was the American System?
Plan created by Henry Clay that proposed efforts to advance the nation's economy. It consisted of:
* Recharter the Bank of the United States
* Internal Improvements
* Protective Tariffs
What was the Free Soiler Party?
A political party in the 1850s that advocated stopping the expansion of slavery in western territories, arguing slavery hurt the economic prosperity of free men in the western territories.
Spanish Conquistador who led an expedition that caused the fall of the Aztec Empire and brought large portions of mainland Mexico under the rule of the Spanish in the early 16th century.
Hernan Cortes
An anti-slavery senator from Massachusetts. He was the leader of the abolition forces in Massachusetts and among the leaders of the Radical Republicans. He was known for being beaten on the Senate floor after giving a passionate anti-slavery speech in the 1850s.
Charles Sumner
What was the Pueblo Revolt?
Native American revolt against the Spanish in late 17th century in Southwest North America. They expelled the Spanish for over 10 years before the Spanish reconquered them. Spain began to take an accommodating approach to Natives after the revolt.
What are "old lights" vs. "new lights"?
Old Lights were orthodox members of the clergy who believed that the new ways of revivals and emotional preaching during the First Great Awakening were unnecessary and immoral. While the New Lights were the more modern-thinking members of the clergy who strongly believed in the new ideas of the First Great Awakening.
What was the Farewell Address and its warnings?
A speech by George Washington in 1796, when he retired from office that warned the United States to stay out of foreign conflicts, avoid permanent alliances and avoid creating political parties.
What was Transcendentalism?
A movement in America that began in the 1830s that questioned the doctrines of established churches and business practices of the merchant class. Encouraged a mystical and intuitive way of thinking to discover inner self and look for essence of God in nature. Led by Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau.
What was "On Civil Disobedience"?
An essay written by Henry David Thoreau that argued individuals have a moral responsibility to oppose unjust laws & unjust actions. It used the theory of nullification and applied it to individuals instead of states.
_____________ was a Aztec chieftain. He sent gifts to the Spaniards welcoming them. He believed that Cortes was the god Quetzalcoatl and so he allowed the Spaniards to approach the capital city unopposed leading to the downfall of the Aztec Empire.
Moctezuma
A social theorist who published a pro-slavery book, Sociology for the South, advocating that slavery was good for the economy and society in the south.
George Fitzhugh
What was the Valladolid Debate?
1550-1551; debate over role for Indians in Spanish colonies; Bartolome de las Casas argued enslaving Indians not justified; while Juan Sepulveda argued Indians were less than human and benefitted from slavery. This debate established basic human rights arguments on behalf of justice for Indians.
What was Bacon's Rebellion?
In 1676, Nathaniel Bacon and other western Virginia settlers were angry at Virginia Governor Berkley for trying to appease the native tribes along the western settlements. The frontiersmen formed an army, with Bacon as its leader, which defeated the Indians and then marched on Jamestown and burned the city. After this rebellion, the House of Burgesses established slave codes.
What was the Jay Treaty?
In 1795, Chief Justice John Jay was sent to Britain to create a treaty stop the British from seizing American ships, impressing sailors into the British Navy and leave the western territory of the US. The treaty did not solve the majority of the problems and many in the US were angered by its failure to address the real issues.
What was the Know Nothing Party?
A political party active in the 1850s in the north which opposed immigration and Catholic influence.
What was the Kansas-Nebraska Act?
Created Nebraska and Kansas as states and gave the people in those territories the right to choose to be a free or slave state through popular sovereignty, which led to Bleeding Kansas (a violent conflict between pro & anti-slavery forces in those states).
A Puritan woman who was bannished from the Puritan Church in the Massachusetts Bay Colony for challenging male authority—and, indirectly, acceptable gender roles—by preaching to both women and men and by questioning Puritan teachings about salvation.
Anne Hutchinson
He was the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court from 1835 to 1864. He was appointed by President Andrew Jackson. He was a pro-slavery advocate and he ruled in the Dred Scott case that established enslaved people were property.
Roger Taney