Biology Ch.1-4
What are the 7 characteristics of life?
Reproduction, homeostasis, metabolism, growth, organization, adaptation, and response
What are the 3 types of tonicity? Define & Describe each for each in both plant and animal cells.
Isotonic: water gain/ lose is equal the solute concentration is the same as inside the cell
Animal (normal)
Plant (Flaccid)
Hypertonic: loses water the solute concentration is greater than the inside of the cell
Animal (shriveled)
Plant (plasmolyzed)
Hypotonic: gains water the solute concentration is less than the inside of the cell
Animal (lysed)
Plant (turgid {normal})
What does NOT occur during the M phase of the cell cycle?
Replication of the DNA
What is a state function/property?
Property that does not depend in any way on the system’s past or future.
Example: Energy
what is Planck's Constant (h)?
6.626 X 10-34
Which is the central dogma of biology?
DNA -> (transcription) RNA -> (translation) Protein
What are the six major functions of membrane proteins? Briefly describe each.
Transport: movement of substances in and out of cells (some involve energy; some don’t)
Enzymatic activity: can be series of multiple enzymatic activity
Signal transduction: cells pick up signals fro function and cause a chain reaction
Cell-Cell recognition: used for tissue and immune system
Intercellular joining: cells way of connecting
Attachment to the cytoskeleton and extracellular matrix (ECM): (self explanatory)
What is nondisjunction?
The failure of one or more pairs of homologous chromosomes or sister chromatids to separate normally during nuclear division, usually resulting in an abnormal distribution of chromosomes in the daughter nuclei.
What is the difference between Exothermic and Endothermic Reactions?
Exothermic reactions: Energy flows out of the system
Example: Combustion reactions
Endothermic reactions: Absorption of energy from the surroundings
Example: Formation reactions
How many electrons in an atom can have the quantum numbers n=2, L = 2 and m1 = 1 ?
0
What are the essential elements of life?
Sulfur, Phosphorus, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Carbon and Hydrogen
What are the two metabolism reactions? Describe both.
Exergonic Reaction (catabolic)
Net releases free energy; G is negative; spontaneous
Magnitude of G = maximum amount of work the reaction can preform
Endergonic Reaction (anabolic)
Absorbs free energy; G is positive; non-spontaneous
Magnitude of G = quantity of energy required to drive the reaction
If a cell has completed the first meiotic division and is just beginning meiosis II, which of the following statements describes the genetic or chromosomal contents of this cell?
A. It is genetically identical to another cell from the same meiosis
B. It has twice the number of chromosomes
C. It has half the chromosomes but twice the DNA of the originating cell
D. It has half the amount of DNA of the cell that began meiosis
D. It has half the amount of DNA of the cell that began meiosis
How much heat is released when 1 gram of iron is reacted with excess Oxygen?
4Fe(s) + 3O2(g) --> 2Fe2O3(s) Change in Heat=-1652 kJ
A) 34.32 kJ
B) 400.74 kJ
C) 7.39 kJ
D) 1652 kJ
C) 7.39 kJ
What is the relationship between a wave's frequency and its wavelength?
An inverse relationship
As wavelength increases, frequency decreases
What is the endomembrane system?
A network of membranes inside and around a eukaryotic cell, related either through direct physical contact or by the transfer of membranous vesicles.
What are the three stages of Cellular Respiration? Briefly describe.
Glycolysis: breaks down glucose (two pyruvate molecule; occurs in cytosol; 2 ATP and 2 NADH/ glu molecule)
Citric Acid Cycle: oxidizes pyruvate (completes glucose breakdown; occurs in mitochondrial matrix)
Oxidative Phosphorylation: most of the ATP synthesis (occurs in inner membrane of mitochondria; 6 NADH and 2 FADH2)
List and explain 3 processes or what phase it occurs in, that occur in meiosis but not in mitosis.
1. Synapsis & Crossing over: When homologous split DNA through specific proteins to create variation within the offspring. (During Prophase I)
2. Joining of Homologous Pairs: When the homologous meet in the middle of the metaphase plate and join together. (During Metaphase I)
3. Separation of Homologous Pairs: Homologous pairs begin to separate by being pulled to the poles. (During Anaphase I)
What is Hess's Law?
The total enthalpy change for a reaction is the sum of all changes.
True or False: According to the Bohr model, when a hydrogen electron makes a transition from n=4 to n=2, the energy is absorbed and the electron gains energy.
False.
The energy is emitted and the electron will lose its energy
Why are glycoproteins important?
They are heavily involved in the immune system, where they allow white blood cells to move around the body, initiate immune responses, and identify other cells. They are also involved in creating mucus to protect various organs in our body.
What are the two stages of photosynthesis? Explain both in extreme detail for points.
Light Reaction (occurs in thylakoid)
Photosystem 1: functions second; absorbs 700mm wavelength best (P700);
Photosystem 2: functions first; absorbs 680mm wavelength best (P680);
Calvin Cycle (occurs in stroma)
Phase 1 Carbon fixation (ribulose biphosphate → 3-phosphoglycerate)
Phase 2 Reduction ( phosphorylation of 3-phosphoglycerate to G3P {6 ATP+6 NADPH → 6 G3P})
Phase 3 Carbon Regeneration (regenerates initial CO2 receptor {RuBP})
Black fur in mice (B) is dominant to brown fur (b). Short tails (T) are dominant to long tails (t). What fraction of the progeny of the crosses BbTt x BBtt will be expected to have black fur and long tails?
1/2
-Would possibly produce the following:
Bbtt or BbTt or BBTt or BBtt
-Bbtt=black fur and long tails.
What is the standard enthalpy of formation of O2(g)?
0 just like any element in the form in which it exists under conditions of 1atm and 25 degrees Celsius. Other examples-->Na(s), Hg(l), F2(g)
calculate the wavelength (in nm) of the blue light emitted by a mercury lamp with a frequency of 6.88x10-14 Hz.
436 nm