Anatomy
Movement analysis
Energy system
Ventilatory system
Cardiovascular system
100
State the four types of bones in the human body
Long, short, irregularidades and flat.
100
Name a neurotransmitter
Acetylcholine
100
what is ATP
the source of energy for use and storage at the cellular level.
100
What is VO2MAX?
VO2 max, or maximal oxygen consumption, refers to the maximum amount of oxygen that an individual can utilize during intense or maximal exercise. This measurement is generally considered the best indicator of cardiovascular fitness and aerobic endurance.
100
How many chambers does the heart have?
four chambers
200
What are the different types of synovial joints?
Hinge, ball and socket, condyloid, pivot, gliding and saddle
200
What is this? Name its function.
It is a Motor unit, it produces and transports an electrical signal that produces movement
200
Define the term cell respiration
Cell respiration is the controlled release of energy in the form of ATP from organic compounds in cells
200
What are the functions of the conducting pathways?
Pathway for airflow, defense against chemicals and other harmful substances that are inhaled, warming of the air
200
Which are the four main components of blood?
Haemoglobin (g/l) Platelets (cells/uL) Leukocytes (cells/uL) Erythrocytes (cells/uL)
300
Which body region is more exposed to injuries while playing football?
In football, the most exposed body region to injuries is the knee
300
Outline the definition of Isotonic and Isometric contraction.
Isotonic - the muscle changes in length as it contracts and causes movement of a body part.
Isometric - when there is no change in the length of the contracting muscle
Isokinetic - contractions that produce movements at a constant speed (rarely found in day to day sports)
300
State the parts of the structure of a mitochondria
Cristae, inner matrix and outer smooth membrane
300
What is the role of hemoglobin in oxygen transportation?
Most of the oxygen in the blood is transported by hemoglobin
300
What is Anemia?
Anemia is a condition that develops when your blood produces a lower-than-normal amount of healthy red blood cells. If you have anemia, your body does not get enough oxygen-rich blood.
400
Define the terms ORIGIN and INSERTION of muscles
Origin: The attachment of a muscle tendon to a stationary bone.
Insertion: The attachment of a muscle tendon to a moveable bone
400
Outline the Bernoulli principle with respect to projectile motion in sporting activities.
The relationship between airflow velocity and air pressure is an inverse one and is expressed in Bernoulli’s principle. The pressure difference causes the spinning golf ball to experience a force directed from the region of high air pressure to the region of low air pressure. A golf ball with backspin will experience higher air pressure on the bottom of the ball and lower air pressure on the top of the ball, causing a lift force (from high pressure to low air pressure). Consider how airflow affects the golf ball and one other example. When an object is moving through the air it is important to consider the relative airflow on different sides of the object. The airflow difference between opposite sides (eg. bottom and top of a spinning golf ball) of the object moving through the air causes a pressure difference between the two sides. The lift force is perpendicular to the direction of the airflow.
400
Describe the production of ATP by the lactic acid system
The breakdown of glucose to pyruvate without the use of oxygen. Pyruvate is then converted into lactic acid, which produces 2 ATP molecules.
400
Explain the mechanics of ventilation in the lung.
When the lungs inhale, the diaphragm contracts and pulls downward. At the same time, the muscles between the ribs contract and pull upward. This increases the size of the thoracic cavity and decreases the pressure inside. As a result, air rushes in and fills the lungs.
400
Do emotions affect the heart rate? How?
Emotions have diverse effects on autonomic nervous function as illustrated by symptoms such as palpitations and hyperventilation. [1] It is well documented that emotional processes result in changes in heart rate (HR), heart rate variability (HRV) and contractility.
These hormones include cortisol and adrenaline. They prepare your body to deal with stress. They cause your heart to beat more rapidly and your blood vessels to narrow to help push blood to the center of the body. The hormones also increase your blood pressure and blood sugar levels.
500
Distinguish the different types of joint in relation to the movement allowed.
Fibrous are immovable, cartilaginous have limited movement and synovial have high movement capacity.
500
Explain how skeletal muscle contracts by the sliding filament theory.
The thick myosin filaments have projections called myosin heads
These attach to specific areas on the actin filaments called active sites
On the active site, there is a protein called tropomyosin. This prevents the myosin heads binding to the actin
Another protein called troponin can neutralise the effect of tropomyosin BUT only in the presence of calcium
When a nerve impulse is transmitted it stimulates the release of calcium
This removes the tropomyosin from the active site, which enables the myosin heads to bind to the actin forming cross-bridges
This stimulates the breakdown of ATP releasing energy
The cross-bridges once formed, swivel towards the middle of the sarcomere pulling the actin over the myosin and making the muscle shorter
The myosin head swivels and collapses then reforms on another active site further along the actin (like oars moving through water)
When the nerve stimulation stops the calcium ions are removed and the muscle returns to its original length
500
List the characteristics of the Aerobic systems and their relative contributions during exercise
fuel source : Glucose, fat and Proteins
duration: up to 2 hours
sub - maximal intensity
It produces 36 - 38 ATP
slow resynthesis
500
Define the terms PULMONARY VENTILATION, TOTAL LUNG CAPACITY, TIDAL VOLUME, EXPIRATORY RESERVE VOLUME, INSPIRATORY RESERVE VOLUME and RESIDUAL VOLUME.
PV: Breathing
TLC: volume of air in the lungs after a maximum inhalation.
VC: Maximum volume of air that can be exhaled after a maximum inhalation.
TV: Volume of air breathed in and out in any one breath.
ERV: Volume of air in excess of tidal volume that can be exhaled forcibly.
IRV: Additional inspired air over and above tidal volume.
RV: Volume of air still contained in the lungs after a maximal exhalation.
500
Which parameter of the heartbeat will be strongly affected if suffering pneumonia.
Abnormal vital signs like temperature greater than 37.8 degrees C , pulse greater than 100/min, or respirations greater than 20/min