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LOGICAL FALLACIES

100

Define "Logical Fallacy"

A poor form of reasoning in which the argument does not follow a progression based on facts and evidence

200

You can identify fallacies of relevance by analyzing this part of an argument

What is the evidence? 

300

An argument has a fallacy of weak induction when 

the evidence is too poor to support the conclusion

400

Unwarranted assumptions happen when 

an argument requires acceptance of something that requires further justification

500

A fallacy of diversion is when 

An argument tries to distract 

VALID OR INVALID?

100

If you walk in the rain, you will get wet

It is raining 

Therefore, you are wet

Invalid! The argument does not establish that you are walking

200

Manchester United and Tottenham played a match. 

Either Manchester United or Tottenham won the game

Invalid! They tied - because not all games have a winner and loser. 

300

Earl is allergic to all dogs

Earl is having allergies

Earl has a dog

Invalid! It does not say ALL of Earl's allergies are caused by dogs

400

If you spend all day in the sun 

You will get sunburned

Invalid! Even though this is a logical statement, there are ways to be outside in the sun without getting sunburned. 

500

-If someone lives in Brooklyn, they live in New York

-If someone lives in New York, they live in the United States

-Alexis lives in Brooklyn, therefore Alexis lives in the United States

Valid!! 

DEDUCTIVE REASONING

100

All bachelors are unmarried men

John is an unmarried man

Therefore, John is a bachelor

Yes! General > Specific valid example 

200

All thrift stores sell used clothes 

This shirt is from a thrift store

Therefore, this shirt is used

Yes! General > Specific valid argument 

300

Socrates is a man

all men are mortal 

Therefore Socrates is mortal 

No! This goes from a specific example to a general, then back to specific. It's valid but not deductive 

400

Susan wants to bake a cake, but she doesn't have any flour. Susan knows that to bake a cake, she needs flour. Since she has no flour, she cannot bake a cake. 

Yes! Even though we see the "Susan wants..." in the argument, it still goes from General > Specific and is valid deductive reasoning

500

1. If it is raining out then there are clouds in the sky.
2. It is raining outside.
3. Therefore, there are clouds in the sky.

What is valid and logical!

INDUCTIVE REASONING

100

1. The sun has risen every morning in recorded history.
2. Therefore, the sun will rise tomorrow.

What is valid but false

200

1. Every swan I have ever seen is white.
2. Therefore, all swans are white.

Invalid! You cannot know the conclusion from the premise. 

300

1. My sandwich is gone from the refrigerator.
2. My roommate is the only one in the apartment.
3. Therefore, my roommate ate my sandwich.

What is valid and logical and not always true

400

It has rained every day so far this month.
If it has rained every day so far this month, then probably it will rain today.
Therefore, probably it will rain today.

What is yes, this is an inductive argument

500

1. Every bird I have observed can fly.
2. The next bird I encounter will likely be able to fly.
3. The bird species documented so far exhibit the ability to fly.
4. Therefore, it is probable that all birds can fly.

What is a valid inductive argument?