Unit 1
The Religious Society of Friends, a religious group originating in 17th-century England, emphasizes direct spiritual experience, equality, pacifism, and social justice. Members believe in the "inner light," which guides their worship and actions, leading them to reject formal rituals and clergy in favor of unprogrammed meetings where silence is observed unless someone feels moved by divine inspiration to speak
Quakers?
an agreement reached during the 1787 Constitutional Convention in the United States. It resolved a contentious issue regarding the counting of enslaved individuals to determine a state's representation in the House of Representatives and the taxation of states.
Three-Fifths Compromise (Great Compromise)?
It declared that all enslaved people within the Confederate states were to be set free. While it didn't immediately free all slaves, as it only applied to areas in rebellion against the United States, it fundamentally altered the purpose of the Civil War.
Emancipation Proclamation?
a prominent African American sociologist, historian, civil rights activist, and writer. He was a leading figure in the early 20th-century civil rights movement in the United States. Du Bois co-founded the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) in 1909
W.E.B. Du Bois?
a period of geopolitical tension and rivalry between the United States and its allies on one side, and the Soviet Union and its allies on the other, characterized by ideological, political, and economic competition rather than direct military conflict.
Cold War?
an English Quaker who played a significant role in the colonization and establishment of the colony of Pennsylvania in North America during the late 17th century. He was granted the land by King Charles II in settlement of a debt owed to his father.
William Penn?
a diplomatic incident that occurred between the United States and France in the late 18th century. It stemmed from tensions between the two countries following the signing of the Jay Treaty between the United States and Britain, which France perceived as a betrayal of their alliance during the Revolutionary War. In response, France began seizing American ships trading with Britain.
XYZ Affair?
a law passed by the United States Congress in 1862 during the presidency of Abraham Lincoln. It offered settlers 160 acres of public land in exchange for a small fee and a commitment to live on and cultivate the land for a period of five years.
Homestead Act?
a military strategy employed by the Allied forces, particularly the United States, during World War II in the Pacific Theater. The strategy involved selectively bypassing heavily fortified enemy-held islands and instead capturing or neutralizing strategically important islands that were less heavily defended, allowing for the establishment of airfields and bases to support further advances
Island Hopping?
The sector of the economy that is not managed or controlled by the government, consisting of businesses and enterprises owned and operated by individuals, groups, or corporations for the purpose of making profits
Private Sector?
the region surrounding the Mississippi River, one of the largest river systems in North America. It encompasses a vast area of land extending from the headwaters of the Mississippi River in northern Minnesota to its delta in the Gulf of Mexico, spanning over 2,300 miles.
Mississippi River Valley?
The agreement signed in Paris in 1783, marking the end of the American Revolutionary War and officially recognizing the independence of the United States from Great Britain.
Treaty of Paris?
a labor arrangement that emerged in the United States, primarily in the South, after the Civil War, particularly during the Reconstruction era and the Jim Crow era. Under this system, landowners would provide land, housing, and tools to farmers, often former slaves or poor whites, in exchange for a share of the crops they produced.
Sharecropping system?
a series of radio broadcasts delivered by President Franklin D. Roosevelt in the 1930s and 1940s. During these informal and intimate addresses, Roosevelt spoke directly to the American people, explaining complex issues, outlining his policies, and reassuring the public during times of crisis, such as the Great Depression and World War II.
Fireside chats?
a region in the United States known for its warm climate and rapid population growth, particularly in the latter half of the 20th century. It generally encompasses the southern and southwestern states, including parts of the Southeast, Southwest, and West Coast.
Sun Belt?
the ability or right of individuals, groups, or entities to govern themselves independently, make their own decisions, and act according to their own will, free from external control or interference. It encompasses the idea of self-determination and self-governance, allowing individuals or entities to exercise authority and manage their affairs according to their own values, preferences, and priorities.
Autonomy?
a concept that emerged in the United States during the late 18th and early 19th centuries, particularly during the Revolutionary War and the early years of the nation. It emphasized the role of women, particularly mothers, in the promotion of civic virtue, education, and republican values within the new American republic.
Republican Motherhood?
an attempted slave uprising led by abolitionist John Brown on October 16-18, 1859, in Harpers Ferry, Virginia (now West Virginia). Brown, along with a group of 21 men, including free African Americans and former slaves, seized control of the federal armory and arsenal with the aim of arming slaves and inciting a rebellion against slavery in the South.
Harpers Ferry raid?
a top-secret research and development program undertaken by the United States during World War II with the goal of producing the first atomic bombs. It was named after the Manhattan Engineer District of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, which oversaw the project.
Manhattan Project?
the world's first artificial satellite, launched by the Soviet Union on October 4, 1957. It marked the beginning of the space age and initiated the space race between the United States and the Soviet Union during the Cold War era
Sputnik?
a vast and arid region located in the western United States, primarily encompassing parts of Nevada, Utah, Oregon, Idaho, Wyoming, and California. It is defined by its unique topography, characterized by extensive mountain ranges, high plateaus, and desert basins. The region is bounded by the Sierra Nevada and Cascade Mountain ranges to the west and the Rocky Mountains to the east.
Great Basin?
a law passed by the United States Congress on March 2, 1807, and took effect on January 1, 1808. It prohibited the importation of enslaved people into the United States from abroad, effectively ending the transatlantic slave trade to the country. The Act was a significant step towards abolitionism and reflected growing moral and political opposition to the institution of slavery in the United States.
1808 Slave Trade Agreement?
The political stance advocating for the prohibition of slavery's expansion into new territories, as well as the promotion of territories where slavery would be banned, thereby fostering economic opportunities for free laborers and opposing the dominance of major political parties.
Free soil platform?
a cultural and artistic movement that emerged in the 1920s in the Harlem neighborhood of New York City, primarily among African American writers, artists, musicians, and intellectuals. It marked a flourishing of African American culture and identity, as well as a period of significant social and intellectual ferment.
Harlem Renaissance?
the 36th President of the United States, serving from 1963 to 1969. He assumed the presidency following the assassination of President John F. Kennedy in November 1963. Johnson, a Democrat from Texas, had previously served as Vice President under Kennedy from 1961 to 1963 and as a U.S. Senator from Texas from 1949 to 1961.
Lyndon Johnson?