General Anatomy
This lines the thoracic cavity:
Parietal Pleura
What is the equation for blood flow:
delta P/TPR
CO, R, Blood volume
What two pressures are important for net filtration?
What are the 3 physical factors that influence ventilation?
airway resistance; alveolar surface tension; compliance
These are the two ways oxygen is transported with approximate percentages:
dissolved in plasma -1.5
attached to Hb - 98.5
This is the site of gas exchange in the lungs:
alveoli
What is the equation for blood pressure?
CO X R
baroreceptors; carotid sinus and aortic arch
What is the equation for net filtration pressure?
NFP = (HPc + OPif) - (HPif + OPc)
What three factors influence external respiration
thickness/SA of resp membrane
PP gradients and gas solubilities
Ventilation-prefusion coupling
This describes the phenomenon that PCO2 and H+ affect the affinity of Hb to oxygen
Bohr effect
The trachea contains this type of epithelium:
ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium
What are the three FUNCTIONAL adaptations critical for venous return?
muscular pump, respiratory pump, sympathetic venoconstriction
What would be the quickest way to elevate blood pressure?
neural control through the medulla - activation of the SNS
Which pressure contributing to net filtration pressure changes during hypertension?
hydrostatic pressure in the capillary
If ventilation is greater than perfusion:
PO2 high; PCO2 is low
bronchioles constrict; arterioles dilate
How is most CO2 transported?
as HCO3- in plasma
This is the histological layer of blood vessels that is the most superficial:
tunica externa
This is an autoregulatory mechanism that prevents capillary damage due to high pressures.
myogenic
Aldosterone...
ADH...
Which pressure contributing to net filtration pressure would be altered if the lymphatics were removed?
What would happen to NFP?
What is the primary regulator of ventilation and where are the receptors?
PCO2 central - in brain
How does CO2 and H+ change the affinity for Hb and O2
they cause a shape change to Hb when they bind
Sinusoidal - large gaps for newly made blood cells to enter the blood stream
What happens to systemic resistance and bp during exercise? What are two organs where the opposite happens?
VC to increase BP
skin, heart, skeletal muscle
Basically, how does the direct renal mechanism work to regulate blood pressure?
increase blood pressure, increases filtration and urine formation this reduces blood volume
albumin leaks into the tissues increasing OPif
This causes water to follow leading to edema
How would extreme altitude affect breathing rate and depth? What factor has changed at high altitude to regulate this affect?
increase breathing rate and depth.
Lower PO2 in arterial blood at extreme altitude
What are the 4 processes performed for respiration?
Which of these would be affected if someone had a genetic defect that lead to lower surfactant production?
VENTILATION
external/internal respiration
transport