Water
What is the primary bond that holds water molecules together?
Hydrogen bonding
What are the three types of plate boundaries?
Divergent, convergent, and transform boundaries.
Define symbiosis and provide an example.
Symbiosis is a close ecological relationship between two species. Example: clownfish and sea anemones.
What is the system used to classify living organisms?
The Linnaean classification system, which includes categories such as kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, and species.
What is the term for the upper layer of the open ocean where most photosynthesis occurs?
The euphotic zone.
Explain how the density of water changes as it freezes.
Water expands when it freezes, becoming less dense.
How does weathering differ from erosion?
Weathering is the breakdown of rocks into smaller particles, while erosion is the transport of these particles.
Differentiate between herbivores, carnivores, and omnivores in marine ecosystems.
Herbivores eat plants, carnivores eat other animals, and omnivores eat both plants and animals.
Name three majors of marine algae.
Green algae, red algae, and brown algae.
Coral polyps provide shelter for zooxanthellae, which in turn provide corals with nutrients through photosynthesis.
Describe the process of water's solubility.
Solubility refers to the ability of a substance to dissolve in water.
What causes tides?
The gravitational pull of the moon and the sun on Earth's oceans.
Explain the importance of the nitrogen cycle in marine ecosystems.
The nitrogen cycle is crucial for the growth of marine plants and algae, which form the base of the marine food web.
Define biodiversity and explain its importance in marine ecosystems.
Biodiversity refers to the variety of life forms in an ecosystem. It is important for ecosystem stability, resilience, and productivity.
Describe adaptations that enable organisms to survive in the intertidal zone.
Organisms in the intertidal zone have adaptations such as strong attachment mechanisms, protective shells, and tolerance to dessication.
How does pressure change with depth in ocean?
Pressure increases with depth due to the weight of the water above.
Explain the formation of mid-ocean ridges.
Mid-ocean ridges are formed at divergent plate boundaries where new oceanic crust is created.
Describe the concept of competition in marine cosystems.
Competition occurs when organisms compete for limited resources such as food, space, or mates.
Describe a common method used to estimate population size in marine environments.
Transect sampling involves counting and recording the number of individuals along a designated line or path in the marine environment.
Name a common burrowing organism found in sandy shores and describe its feeding strategy.
Sand crabs burrow in sandy shores and feed on detritus and small organisms by filtering water through their gills.
Discuss the significance of water's high specific heat capacity in regulating climate.
Water's high specific heat capacity helps moderate Earth's temperature by absorbing and releasing heat slowly.
Describe the role of sedimentation in the formation of sedimentary rocks.
Sedimentation involves the deposition of sediment, which eventually forms sedimentary rocks through compaction and cementation.
How does the concept of trophic levels apply to marine food webs?
Trophic levels represent the different levels of energy transfer in a food chain or food web, from primary producers to top predators.
Provide an example of a marine organism from each of the following phyla: Porifera, Cnidaria, Mollusca, and Chordata.
Sponge (Porifera), Jellyfish (Cnidaria), Octopus (Mollusca), and Dolphin (Chordata).
Discuss the ecological importance of mangrove forests.
Mangrove forests provide crucial habitat for various marine organisms, protect coastlines from erosion, and serve as nurseries for fish and other species.