Categorization
"Salad fork" is an example of a ____ category level.
Subordinate
Describe one reason why childhood amnesia occurs.
Brain development
Social context
Mismatch between encoding and retrieval
Name the three branches of executive function.
Working memory, inhibitory control, task-switching
True or False - Playing linear number board games can improve children's number knowledge.
True
Describe Theory of Mind.
The ability to understand that others can have thoughts, feelings, and beliefs that are different from your own.
True or False – When Quinn & Eimas (1994) showed infants pictures of dogs, they dishabituated to pictures of cats at test.
False
Describe an imitation study discussed in class.
Neonatal imitation (tongue protrusion vs. mouth opening/closing)
Infant imitation (button pressing, using head to compress object)
The marshmallow test is best used to measure this branch of executive function.
Inhibitory control
Describe the Give-a-Number task.
Children are asked to hand over distinct amounts of bananas to feed a monkey. The highest number they hand over accurately determines their "knower level."
Describe how the shopping cart task measures a sense of self.
A child can show awareness of the self by moving the carpet and successfully pushing the cart to a caregiver.
Bloom and Markson (1998) concluded that older children use only ____ information to form categories, something that Samuelson et al. (2007) later disputed.
Conceptual
This is an operant conditioning paradigm where 2- to 6-month-old infants learn that kicking their foot can result in moving an overhead mobile.
Mobile Conjugate Reinforcement Paradigm
James is completing the DCCS. After the experimenter changes the game from the “color game” to the “shape game”, James still sorts the cards by color. Would James pass or fail the task?
Fail
This hypothesis explains that 2.5-year-old children struggle to understand that an object can be itself and also a representation of something else.
Dual representation hypothesis
Describe how the broccoli-goldfish task measures theory of mind.
When children share the snack the experimenter prefers, it shows they understand that preferences can differ.
Ellis and Oakes (2006) used a _____ to assess if 14-month-old children could create categories flexibly.
sequential touching task
What confound did MacDonald et al. (2000) address in their second experiment?
Language
Children who scored higher in _____ benefitted most from the self-distancing conditions in White and Carlon’s (2015) research.
Theory of Mind
Jirout and Newcombe (2015) that this type of play uniquely explained performance on the Block Design task.
Spatial play (puzzles, blocks, and board games)
Describe the two ways that Rizzo and Killen (2018) created advantaged vs. disadvantaged groups their research.
Structurally (with gender manipulation) and Individually (with performance manipulation)