The Italian Renaissance
The literal translation of the word, "Renaissance."
Rebirth
Born in England, he invented 1700 new words and wrote 37 plays, many of which are still performed today.
William Shakespeare
A German Monk who started the Protestant Reformation.
Martin Luther
To recognize a person as a saint
Canonize
English mathematician who developed calculus as well as the laws of motion.
Sir Isaac Newton
An intellectual movement at the heart of the Renaissance that focused on education and the classics.
Humanism
Developed by Johann Gutenberg, a new invention that allowed for books to be made much faster than before.
The Printing Press
A series of grievances posted in Wittenberg by Martin Luther, outlining his problems with The Church.
95 Theses
A Catholic nun from Spain who authored several books on religion.
Teresa of Avila
An unproved theory
Hypothesis
Everyday language of ordinary people.
Vernacular
A region that included present-day Belgium and the Netherlands.
Flanders
A French Protestant who believed in predestination and began a theocracy in Geneva.
John Calvin
A Spanish priest who influenced the Catholic Reformation.
Ignatius of Loyola
Theory proposed by Nicolaus Copernicus that the sun is the center of our solar system.
Heliocentric Theory
Artistic technique used to give paintings and drawings a three-dimensional effect.
Perspective
Idealistic or visionary, usually used to describe a perfect society.
Utopian
Calvinist belief that God long ago determined who would gain salvation.
Predestination
Ghetto
He used Brahe's data to calculate the orbits of the planets revolving around the sun, supporting the views of Copernicus.
Johannes Kepler
A Florentine patron and poet who wrote in vernacular and gathered a library of Greek and Roman classics.
Petrarch
A Dutch priest and scholar who translated the Bible into Greek.
Erasmus
An assembly where Martin Luther was summoned to defend himself against charges from Charles V.
Diet of Worms
King of England who broke away from the Catholic Church in order to divorce his first wife, Katherine of Aragon.
King Henry VIII
An Italian who assembled a telescope and observed the four moons around Jupiter
Galileo
A powerful family of wool traders, bankers, and politicians who served as patrons of Florence.
The Medici Family
Art form in which an artist etches a design on a metal plate with acid and then uses the plate to make multiple prints.
Engraving
A government run by religious leaders.
Theocracy
Queen Mary's half-sister, who took the throne of England on her death, and allowed for compromise regarding religion.
Queen Elizabeth
A French philosopher who focused on reason.
Rene Descartes
Author of "The Prince," a Florentine philosopher and statesman.
Niccolo Machiavelli
A German painter who traveled to Italy, studied the Italian masters, and helped spread Renaissance ideas to northern Europe.
Albrecht Durer
In the Roman Catholic Church, a pardon for sins, often given for money.
Indulgence
A meeting held by Catholics to reaffirm their beliefs being protested by Protestants.
Council of Trent
An Englishman who developed the Scientific Method.
Francis Bacon