The Italian Renaissance
Renaissance in Northern Europe
Protestant Reformation
Reformation Ideas Spread
The Scientific Revolution
100

The literal translation of the word, "Renaissance."

Rebirth

100

Born in England, he invented 1700 new words and wrote 37 plays, many of which are still performed today.

William Shakespeare

100

A German Monk who started the Protestant Reformation.

Martin Luther

100

To recognize a person as a saint

Canonize 

100

English mathematician who developed calculus as well as the laws of motion.  

Sir Isaac Newton

200

An intellectual movement at the heart of the Renaissance that focused on education and the classics.

Humanism

200

Developed by Johann Gutenberg, a new invention that allowed for books to be made much faster than before.

The Printing Press

200

A series of grievances posted in Wittenberg by Martin Luther, outlining his problems with The Church. 

95 Theses

200

A Catholic nun from Spain who authored several books on religion.

Teresa of Avila

200

An unproved theory 

Hypothesis

300

Everyday language of ordinary people.

Vernacular 

300

A region that included present-day Belgium and the Netherlands. 

Flanders

300

A French Protestant who believed in predestination and began a theocracy in Geneva.

John Calvin

300

A Spanish priest who influenced the Catholic Reformation.

Ignatius of Loyola

300

Theory proposed by Nicolaus Copernicus that the sun is the center of our solar system. 

Heliocentric Theory

400

Artistic technique used to give paintings and drawings a three-dimensional effect.

Perspective

400

Idealistic or visionary, usually used to describe a perfect society.

Utopian

400

Calvinist belief that God long ago determined who would gain salvation.

Predestination 

400
Separate section of a city where members of a minority group are forced to live. 

Ghetto

400

He used Brahe's data to calculate the orbits of the planets revolving around the sun, supporting the views of Copernicus. 

Johannes Kepler 

500

A Florentine patron and poet who wrote in vernacular and gathered a library of Greek and Roman classics.

Petrarch

500

A Dutch priest and scholar who translated the Bible into Greek.

Erasmus

500

An assembly where Martin Luther was summoned to defend himself against charges from Charles V.

Diet of Worms

500

King of England who broke away from the Catholic Church in order to divorce his first wife, Katherine of Aragon. 

King Henry VIII

500

An Italian who assembled a telescope and observed the four moons around Jupiter

Galileo 

600

A powerful family of wool traders, bankers, and politicians who served as patrons of Florence.

The Medici Family

600

Art form in which an artist etches a design on a metal plate with acid and then uses the plate to make multiple prints.

Engraving

600

A government run by religious leaders.

Theocracy 

600

Queen Mary's half-sister, who took the throne of England on her death, and allowed for compromise regarding religion. 

Queen Elizabeth

600

A French philosopher who focused on reason.

Rene Descartes

700

Author of "The Prince," a Florentine philosopher and statesman.

Niccolo Machiavelli 

700

A German painter who traveled to Italy, studied the Italian masters, and helped spread Renaissance ideas to northern Europe. 

Albrecht Durer

700

In the Roman Catholic Church, a pardon for sins, often given for money. 

Indulgence 

700

A meeting held by Catholics to reaffirm their beliefs being protested by Protestants.

Council of Trent

700

An Englishman who developed the Scientific Method.

Francis Bacon