Pathology
What are the general clinical signs for anaemia?
A) Jaundice
B) peptic ulcer
C) Pallor
D) high temperature
C) Pallor
Lead compound definition
compound with promising pharmacological or biochemical properties, suggest that it may have therapeutic potential for further modification and improvement.
Particle size can influence a variety of important factors. What are they ?
Dissolution rate
Suspendability - sedimentation rate
Uniform distribution
Pertrability
Lack of grittiness
Mention the features of innate immunity
First line of defense
Less specific
No memory cells
No clonal expansion
What is medicinal chemistry?
chemistry-based discipline, involving aspects of pharmaceutical, biological, and medical sciences. study, identification and synthesis of the metabolic products of these bioactive compounds
Which one of these Anaemia conditions is Normochromic Normocytic ?
A) Iron deficiency anaemia
B) Megaloblastic anaemia
C) Aplastic anaemia
D) Haemolytic anaemia
D) Haemolytic anaemia
what are the molecular drugs targets ?
Hormones and neurotransmitter receptors
Enzymes
Carrier molecules
Transport proteins
Structural enzymes
What are the properties of powders ?
- Fundamental properties of anycollection of particles.
The size and size distribution
Surface areas of powders.
- Derived properties of powders
properties of
powders
Porosity.
Packing arrangements.
Density of particles
Bulkiness
Flow properties
Mention the features of adaptive immune system
Second line of defense
Specific
Has memory cells
Leads to clonal expansion
Drugs can be classified according to their medicinal uses into two main classes. What are they ?
- Pharmacodynamic agents
- Chemotherapeutic agents
The bone marrow becomes hypercellular in which type of anemia?
A) Pancytopenia
B) Pernicious anaemia
C) Sickle cell anaemia
D) Thalassemia
B) Pernicious anaemia
What properties are receptor must have ?
It must be selective
Change its function upon binding
Change the function of the biologic system
What is the difference between true density and bulk density ?
True density of the material itself exclusive of the void volume or volume of interparticle space
Bulk density is characteristic of the powder bulk rather than individual particles
What is the difference between humoral immune response and cell mediated immune response?
humoral immune response has B lymphocytes mediated by antibodies eliminate extra cellular microbes
Cell mediated immune response has T lymphocytes eliminate intracellular microbes within phagocytes (cytotoxic effects)
What are the physical and chemical properties of drugs ?
Solubility and lipophilicity
Acid-base properties
The size of the molecule and its stereo structure
The presence of surface activity of the molecule
A 35-year-old male presents with easy bruising, fatigue, and recurrent nosebleeds for several weeks. On examination, he appears pale with multiple bruises but no organ enlargement and he’s bone marrow is hypo-plastic .
A) Thalassemia
B) Pancytopenia
C) G6PD deficiency anaemia
D) Leukemia
B) Pancytopenia
Which one of these is correct agonist-receptor complex
A) Acetylcholine is an agonist at G-protein receptors
B) Norepinephrine is an agonist at tyrosine kinase coupled receptors
C) Adrenaline is an agonist at β-adrenoceptors
D) Serotonin is an agonist at GABA A
C) Adrenaline is an agonist at β-adrenoceptors
There are some factors that decrease the flow of powders. Mention them
Superficial adhesiveness
Shape of the particles
Surface of the particles
The presence of electrostatic charges on the surface of the particles
The hygroscopicity of the powders
I want yo to mention 2 physical barriers and 2 physiological barriers in innate immunity
1.Physical Barriers:
Skin (epidermis, dermis) provides a protective outer layer.
Mucus membranes line various body openings.
2.Physiological Barriers:
Stomach's low pH inhibits pathogen growth.
Temperature
Interferons
Body secretions contain antimicrobial substances.
Enzymatic defense
What is the common name of this drug structure?
Ketamine hydrochloride
Isoprenaline
Tranylcypromine
Cimetidine
Tranylcypromine
which sentence regarding sickle cell anaemia is WRONG
A) Abnormal Hemoglobin -> hemoglobin S
B) Abnormal substitution in hemoglobin beta chain
C) Absent or reduced rate of synthesis of alpha or beta chains
D) Sickling crisis occurs
C) Absent or reduced rate of synthesis of alpha or beta chains
Define enzyme-linked receptors according to the following
Location
Function
Most important action
Response rate
Examples
Location: cell membrane
Function: transduce signals
Most important action: activation of tyrosine kinase receptors causes phosphorylation of tyrosine
Response rate: slow
Examples : insulin receptors - growth hormone receptors
powder was poured through the funnel and formed a cone 4.6 cm high and 7 cm in diameter . What is the angle of repose ? Describe the flowability of the powder?
7/2=3.5 radius
4.6/3.5= 1.31Tan-1(1.31)= 52.6
Poor flowability
Complement proteins are included in several defense mechanisms. What are they ?
Opsonin
Inflammation
Cytolysis
liminates Antigen-Antibody complexes on RBCs
Which one of these drugs is imipramine’s chemical structure ?
D