Vascular Disorders
Capillaries
What does left-sided heart failure lead to?
ascites
Excess blood in the vessels during inflammation is also known as?
Hyperemia
Where are neutrophils produced?
bone marrow
An increase in tissue mass due to an increase in individual cell size
hypertrophy
Which type of capillary is the most permeable?
sinusoidal
kidney
During inflammation, a change in blood flow allows for what?
nutrients, oxygen, etc. to accumulate in the vessel in the general area of injury. blood flow slows!
Name one role of macrophages in inflammation
1) chemical mediators
2) phagocytosis
3) present antigens
4) participate iron sequestration
What is the "wear and tear" pigment commonly found in post mitotic cells? It is the end product of autophagocytosis.
lipofuscin
What is an example of a continuous capillary?
blood brain barrier
muscle
lung
bone
What infectious disease in cats leads to bicavitary effusion?
feline infectious peritonitis (FIP)
What do selectins bind to?
sugars!
Integrins: bind to collagen, fibronectin, laminin
Cadherins: bind to actin filaments
Immunoglobulins: expressed on plasma cells and through opsonization
Thromboxanes expressed during inflammation causes what two things?
vasoconstriction, platelet aggregation
What stain is used to detect amyloidosis?
congo red
What do lymphatics and veins have in common?
low pressure and valves to prevent back flow of blood
Explain the safety mechanism utilized by lymphatics.
excess interstitial fluid is removed by lymphatics
*mechanism important to prevent edema in periphery and tissues
don't confuse inflammation and congestion! what's the difference?
inflammation is an active process (ie. change in morphology of vessel -> fluid leaves vessel -> stasis of blood flow
congestion is a passive process (ie, decreased outflow -> stasis of blood flow -> increased hydraulic pressure -> fluid pushed through blood vessel)
Lack of iron for red blood cell production causes which disease?
anemia
Acute cell swelling in CNS glial cells, especially astrocytes, is known as
cytotoxic edema
What are the 4 major alternations in capillary dynamics that cause edematous states?
1. increased intravascular permeability
2. increased hydraulic pressure
3. decreased oncotic pressure
4. decreased lymphatic drainage
Explain how heart failure leads to edema.
Heart failure --> decreased cardiac output --> congestion --> increased Pcap and Cap --> increased hydraulic pressure --> increased intravascular filtration and reverse fluid absorption --> fluid loss to interstitial --> edema
What are the 5 cardinal signs of inflammation?
rubor (redness), calor (heat), tumor (swelling), dolar (pain), functio laesa (loss of function)
What two cell types would you see with eosinophilic masticatory myositis?
eosinophils
plasma cells
Excessive glycogen accumulation in the liver can occur in? (2 scenarios)
diabetes mellitus
canine hyperadrenocorticism