Gross Anatomy
What are little bronchi called?
What 2 countries still have cases of polio?
Pakistan and Afghanistan
What is happening to death rates from COPD and what is the main driver of that?
Decreasing because rates of smoking are decreasing
What does COPD stand for and what are the 2 main types?
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
Chronic Bronchitis and Emphysema
What is the leading preventable cause of death in the US?
Smoking
Pulmonary Artery
Why do we think people born by C-section have a higher incidence of asthma?
The birth canal journey exposes the baby to all sorts of stuff that kicks on the immune system: hygiene hypothesis (which is just a hypothesis that is our best guess as to why we are seeing changes in incidence of asthma) suggests that exposure to bacteria/viruses at an early age decreases the likelihood of asthma
What "fancy" new treatment did we develop for ARDS during COVID that can be performed anywhere?
Flip the person on their belly--more aveoli posteriorly so hopefully gravity helps them open
What causes clubbing?
Chronically low oxygen levels
What group of people is most at risk when infected with Zika?
Pregnant Women
What chamber of the heart has the most muscle?
Left ventricle
What are the H and N when we talk about flu?
What 3 main things happen in asthma?
Hypersensitive airway, bronchospasm, increased mucus
Approximately ---% of people who smoke will develop COPD?
20%
Approximately what percentage of people infected with polio virus have no symptoms?
70%
Why don't you see the esophagus on a chest x-ray?
Unlike the trachea, which has cartilage to keep it open, the esophagus is floppy so it is usually collapsed on an x-ray
What causes Floppy Baby Syndrome?
Clostridium Botulinum
When you go from the trachea to the 2 main bronchi what is that "fork" called?
The carina
What happens in emphysema?
Chemicals from smoke deposit on aveoli, which are tissue paper thin--they rip, create holes in lungs
Kids exposed to farm animals in the first year of life are --% less likely to develop asthma by age 6?
52%
Histamine
Serotonin
Bradykinin
Who is credited with creating the smallpox vaccine from cowpox?
Edward Jenner
Explain what happens physiologically to cause ARDS.
Insult causes histamine/seratonin release which opens spaces between aveolar membranes--aveoli start to fill with fluid, eventually overwhelm them and they can't do gas exchange
What 3 main things happen in chronic bronchitis?
Irritants from smoke cause increased mucus. Lungs can't get rid of the mucus well and it builds up causing chronic productive cough and airway remodeling/thickening. Airway thickening makes it harder to pump blood to the lungs leading to right heart enlargement and eventually right heart failure.
Name 3 ways we treat asthma.