PTSD
environmental and social factors of PTSD
strong predictors of people's reaction to trauma include severity and duration and the person's proximity to the event. also availability to social support
Case study of social anxiety disorder (SOAD)
felt uncomfortable around others, rarely went anywhere, limited interactions with others, and didn't like presenting infront of peers
biological factors of seperation anxiety disorder (SAD)
children with SAD tend to have family histories of anxiety and depressive disorders
also evidence of a genetic component
specific phobias
include animal-type (commonly spiders/ snakes), natural environment type (heights/storms), situational type (claustrophobia), blood-injection-injury type (needles or fainting when blood)
obsessions and compulsions
OB- thoughts, images, ideas, or urges that are persistent, repetitive, intrusive, unwanted, and the usually cause significant anxiety or distress
CM- repetitive behaviors that an individual feels that they must perform in an effort to reduce anxiety and distress
psychological factors of PTSD
people who're already experiencing symptoms of anxiety/ depression before a trauma occurs are more likely to develop PTSD after the trauma. also a person's coping mechanisms play a role
cognitive and psychological theories of SOAD
cognitive factors dominate psychological ones- people with SOAD have excessively high standards for their social performance, focus on negative aspects of social interactions, and evaluate their own behavior harshly
psychological and sociocultural factors of SAD
parents of children with SAD tend to be more controlling and intrusive behaviorally and emotionally, also more critical and negative in their communications with their children
agorophobia
a generalized fear of situations in which the person might not be able to escape or get help if needed
other theories related to OCD
hoarding, trichotillomania [hair-pulling disorder], excoriation [skin-picking disorder], body dysmorphic disorder [BDD])
Gender and cross-cultural differences in PTSD (cultural assets)
African Americans have higher rates of PTSD then other races.
culture influences the manifestation of anxiety
cultural assets- ethnic identity plays a role
treatments for SOD
SSRIs and SNRIs have been effective in reducing symptoms of social anxiety
-CBT is also effective
case study of SAD
SAD can develop after a traumatic event
negative reinforcement & prepared classical conditioning in phobias
negative reinforcement - avoiding feared object or situation
prepared classical conditioning - learning associations quickly on what things we should fear
biological theories for OCD & others
it's a multifactorial disorder with strong high genetic predispositions
biological factors in PTSD
biochemical findings (cortisol)- people with PTSD tend to have lower cortisol levels
genetics-vulnerability to PTSD may be inherited
biological theories of SOAD
biological- runs in families and twin studies have suggested it has a genetic basis
treatments for SAD
medication and CBT is used for SAD
biological theories of phobias
first-degree relatives of people with phobias are 3-4 times more likely to have a phobia than ones without phobias
CB theories of OCD & others
what differentiates people with OCD from people without is their inability to turn off their negative, intrusive thoughts
CBT and stress management for PTSD and biological therapies for PTSD
CBT- effective treatment and utilizes systematic desensitization
stress inoculation therapy- where therapists teach clients skills for overcoming problems in their lives that increase their stress and problems that may result from PTSD
SSRIs are more common but benzos are also used to treat symptoms of PTSD
what is social anxiety disorder?
Feelings of worry or uneaziness in corwds and/ or any social interaction
BONUS: biological treatments for PD
most common treatment is medication including SSRIs (like Prozac), SNRIs (like effexor), benzos, and tricycle anti depressants
applied tension technique in phobias
increases blood pressure and heart rate and can keep people with this type of phobia from fainting when confronted with the feared object
Biological treatments for OCD and CB treatments for OCD
antidepressant drugs affecting serotonin levels helped relieve symptoms
exposure and response prevention therapy repeatedly expose the client to the focus of the obsession and prevents compulsive responses to the resulting anxiety